Wikipedia output includes multiple empty bullets/lines

Not shown on English https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden where the infobox renders in the beginning of the page correctly. However switching to German https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweden there are weird bullets with no text in place of the infobox preceding the page content: > <img width="1640" height="1514" alt="Image" src="https://github.com/user-attachments/assets/169829d4-54d7-454e-8b0b-903d559c404e" /> (Same rendering in both desktop v145.x–v146b and iOS v145.x too.)