---
title: "Model Loading"
description: "Control how SGLang loads model weights: load formats, model loader extra config, multithreaded loading, prefetching, and remote/streaming loaders."
---

`--model-path` selects the checkpoint to serve; `--load-format` and the weight-loading flags below control how those weights are read into memory. To stream weights from cloud object storage (S3/GCS/Azure), see [Loading Models from Object Storage](./object_storage).

## How loading works

SGLang picks a loader from `--load-format`, falling back to auto-detection from the checkpoint or model path. The default `auto` loader reads `safetensors` and falls back to PyTorch `.bin`.

```bash
python -m sglang.launch_server \
  --model-path Qwen/Qwen3.6-35B-A3B \
  --load-format auto
```

Some formats are auto-detected and override `auto`:

- A Mistral native checkpoint is detected and loaded with `mistral`.
- A `.gguf` model path is detected and loaded with `gguf`.
- An object storage URI (`s3://`, `gs://`, `az://`) is loaded with `runai_streamer`.
- A remote URI is loaded with `remote`.

## Load formats

Set with `--load-format`:

<table style={{width: "100%", borderCollapse: "collapse", tableLayout: "fixed"}}>
  <colgroup>
    <col style={{width: "20%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "80%"}} />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr style={{borderBottom: "2px solid #d55816"}}>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, whiteSpace: "nowrap", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Format</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Description</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>auto</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Default. Load <code>safetensors</code> if available, otherwise fall back to the PyTorch <code>.bin</code> format.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>safetensors</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load weights in the safetensors format.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>pt</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load weights in the PyTorch <code>.bin</code> format.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>npcache</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load PyTorch-format weights and store a numpy cache to speed up subsequent loads. Only supports <code>.bin</code> checkpoints.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>dummy</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Initialize weights with random values, for profiling.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>sharded_state</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Each tensor-parallel worker reads only its own pre-sharded shard rather than the full checkpoint, giving a fast load path for large TP models. See <code>examples/runtime/engine/save_sharded_state.py</code> for creating a sharded checkpoint.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>fastsafetensors</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load safetensors using the <code>fastsafetensors</code> iterator.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>layered</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load weights layer by layer, so a layer can be quantized before the next is loaded, lowering the peak memory envelope.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>gguf</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load weights in the GGUF format. Auto-detected from a <code>.gguf</code> model path.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>bitsandbytes</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load weights using bitsandbytes quantization.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>mistral</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load a Mistral native-format checkpoint. Auto-detected for such checkpoints.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>flash_rl</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load a BF16/FP16 checkpoint with native SGLang FP8 quantization for RL training. Requires <code>--rl-quant-profile</code>.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>runai_streamer</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Stream weights from SSDs, shared filesystems, or object storage. See <a href="./object_storage">Loading Models from Object Storage</a>.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>remote</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Load tensors from a remote KV/filesystem connector. Auto-detected for remote URIs.</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>remote_instance</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Pull weights over the network from another running SGLang instance (the "seed") rather than from disk. Configured with the <code>--remote-instance-weight-loader-*</code> flags.</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

## Model loader extra config

`--model-loader-extra-config` takes a JSON string passed to the loader selected by `--load-format`.

```bash
python -m sglang.launch_server \
  --model-path Qwen/Qwen3.6-35B-A3B \
  --model-loader-extra-config '{"enable_multithread_load": true, "num_threads": 16}'
```

<table style={{width: "100%", borderCollapse: "collapse", tableLayout: "fixed"}}>
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    <col style={{width: "20%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "24%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "40%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "16%"}} />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr style={{borderBottom: "2px solid #d55816"}}>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, whiteSpace: "nowrap", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Load format</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Key</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Description</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, whiteSpace: "nowrap", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Default</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>auto</code> / <code>safetensors</code> / <code>pt</code> / <code>npcache</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>enable_multithread_load</code> (bool)</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Read weight shards with a thread pool instead of sequentially. Disabled by default when <code>--weight-loader-prefetch-checkpoints</code> is set (to avoid I/O oversubscription with the prefetch threads); set this to <code>true</code> to opt back in.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>true</code></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>auto</code> / <code>safetensors</code> / <code>pt</code> / <code>npcache</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>num_threads</code> (int)</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Number of worker threads when multithreaded loading is enabled.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>8</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>sharded_state</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>pattern</code> (str)</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Filename pattern for per-rank shards.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>model-rank-&#123;rank&#125;-part-&#123;part&#125;.safetensors</code></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>fastsafetensors</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>enable_gds</code> (bool)</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Use GPU Direct Storage. Set to <code>false</code> when the host does not provide the NVIDIA GPUDirect Storage kernel driver, such as in a gVisor sandbox.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>true</code></td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>bitsandbytes</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>qlora_adapter_name_or_path</code> (str)</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>QLoRA adapter to apply on top of the bitsandbytes-quantized base weights.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>—</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>runai_streamer</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>distributed</code>, <code>concurrency</code>, <code>memory_limit</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Streaming controls. See <a href="./object_storage">Loading Models from Object Storage</a>.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>See linked page</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

## Weight-loading performance flags

Top-level arguments that tune how safetensors weights are read, independent of `--load-format`.

<table style={{width: "100%", borderCollapse: "collapse", tableLayout: "fixed"}}>
  <colgroup>
    <col style={{width: "34%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "52%"}} />
    <col style={{width: "14%"}} />
  </colgroup>
  <thead>
    <tr style={{borderBottom: "2px solid #d55816"}}>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Flag</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Description</th>
      <th style={{textAlign: "left", padding: "10px 12px", fontWeight: 700, whiteSpace: "nowrap", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Default</th>
    </tr>
  </thead>
  <tbody>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>--download-dir</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Directory used to download and cache Hugging Face model files.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>HF default</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>--weight-loader-disable-mmap</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Disable mmap while loading safetensors. Can help on filesystems where mmap is slow.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>off</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>--weight-loader-prefetch-checkpoints</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Prefetch checkpoint files into the OS page cache before loading. Each rank prefetches a fraction of the shards, cutting total network I/O on shared filesystems (NFS/Lustre) from N×checkpoint to 1×checkpoint. Recommended for models on network storage. When enabled, multi-threaded safetensors loading is disabled by default to avoid I/O oversubscription with the prefetch threads; set <code>enable_multithread_load=true</code> in <code>--model-loader-extra-config</code> to keep multi-threaded loading (e.g. on local NVMe where prefetch is a no-op).</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>off</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>--weight-loader-prefetch-num-threads</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Threads per rank for checkpoint prefetching.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>4</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}><code>--weight-loader-drop-cache-after-load</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>Call <code>posix_fadvise(DONTNEED)</code> after successfully loading each shard, freeing page cache. Supported by the standard safetensors and <code>fastsafetensors</code> loaders.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>off</td>
    </tr>
    <tr>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", fontWeight: 500, backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}><code>--custom-weight-loader</code></td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.02)"}}>Import path(s) of a custom weight-loading function, e.g. <code>my_package.weight_load_func</code>.</td>
      <td style={{padding: "9px 12px", backgroundColor: "rgba(255,255,255,0.05)"}}>—</td>
    </tr>
  </tbody>
</table>

## See also

- [Loading Models from Object Storage](./object_storage)
- [Quantization](./quantization)
- [Server Arguments](./server_arguments)
