// Copyright 2023 RisingWave Labs
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
//
// Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
// distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
// WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
// See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
// limitations under the License.

use std::collections::HashSet;
use std::ops::Bound::{self, *};
use std::sync::Arc;

use futures::{StreamExt, pin_mut};
use risingwave_common::array::{Op, StreamChunk};
use risingwave_common::bitmap::{Bitmap, BitmapBuilder};
use risingwave_common::catalog::{ColumnDesc, ColumnId, TableId};
use risingwave_common::config::StreamingConfig;
use risingwave_common::hash::VirtualNode;
use risingwave_common::row::{self, OwnedRow};
use risingwave_common::types::{DataType, ScalarImpl};
use risingwave_common::util::epoch::{EpochExt, EpochPair, test_epoch};
use risingwave_common::util::sort_util::OrderType;
use risingwave_common::util::value_encoding::BasicSerde;
use risingwave_hummock_test::test_utils::prepare_hummock_test_env;
use risingwave_storage::hummock::HummockStorage;
use risingwave_storage::store::PrefetchOptions;
use risingwave_storage::table::SINGLETON_VNODE;

use crate::common::table::state_table::{ReplicatedStateTable, StateTable};
use crate::common::table::test_utils::{
    gen_pbtable, gen_pbtable_with_dist_key, gen_pbtable_with_value_indices,
};

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_update_insert() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(4), DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
        Some(6666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        None,
        Some(777_i32.into()),
        None,
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
        Some(6666_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        None,
        None,
        Some(6666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        None,
        Some(777_i32.into()),
        None,
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        Some(77_i32.into()),
        Some(7777_i32.into()),
        None,
    ]));
    let row6 = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(6_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row6,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(6_i32.into()),
            None,
            None,
            Some(6666_i32.into())
        ]))
    );

    let row7 = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(7_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row7,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(7_i32.into()),
            Some(77_i32.into()),
            Some(7777_i32.into()),
            None
        ]))
    );

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let row6_commit = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(6_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row6_commit,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(6_i32.into()),
            None,
            None,
            Some(6666_i32.into())
        ]))
    );
    let row7_commit = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(7_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row7_commit,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(7_i32.into()),
            Some(77_i32.into()),
            Some(7777_i32.into()),
            None
        ]))
    );

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(4_i32.into()),
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // one epoch: delete (1, 2, 3, 4), insert (5, 6, 7, None), delete(5, 6, 7, None)
    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(4_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        None,
    ]));
    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        None,
    ]));

    let row1 = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(row1, None);

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let row1_commit = state_table
        .get_row(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(row1_commit, None);
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_iter_with_prefix() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    // let pk_columns = vec![0, 1]; leave a message to indicate pk columns
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::descending()];

    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(4_i32.into()),
        Some(44_i32.into()),
        Some(444_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(555_i32.into()),
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(333_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(5555_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    let pk_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]);
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Bound::Unbounded, Bound::Unbounded);
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(&pk_prefix, sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    // this row exists in both mem_table and shared_storage
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(55_i32.into()),
            Some(5555_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // this row exists in mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(33_i32.into()),
            Some(333_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // this row exists in shared_storage
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(22_i32.into()),
            Some(222_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );
    // this row exists in shared_storage
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(111_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );
    // pk without the prefix the range will not be scan
    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_rev_iter_with_range() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(7777);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Varchar),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let table = gen_pbtable(TEST_TABLE_ID, column_descs, order_types, pk_index, 0);

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let base_epoch = test_env
        .manager
        .on_current_version(|version| version.table_committed_epoch(table.id).unwrap())
        .await;
    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new(base_epoch.next_epoch(), base_epoch);

    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("A".into()), Some(1_i32.into())]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("B".into()), Some(2_i32.into())]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("C".into()), Some(3_i32.into())]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let scan_range = (
        Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("A".into())])),
        Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("C".into())])),
    );
    let iter = state_table
        .rev_iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), &scan_range, PrefetchOptions::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    let expect_rows = [
        OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("C".into()), Some(3_i32.into())]),
        OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("B".into()), Some(2_i32.into())]),
        OwnedRow::new(vec![Some("A".into()), Some(1_i32.into())]),
    ];
    for expected in expect_rows {
        let row = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(row.as_ref(), &expected);
    }
    assert!(iter.next().await.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_iter_with_pk_range() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    // let pk_columns = vec![0, 1]; leave a message to indicate pk columns
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::descending()];

    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32), // This is the range prefix key
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(4_i32.into()),
        Some(44_i32.into()),
        Some(444_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(555_i32.into()),
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(333_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(5555_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    let pk_range = (
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(4_i32.into())])),
    );
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    // this row exists in both mem_table and cell_based_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(4_i32.into()),
            Some(44_i32.into()),
            Some(444_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // pk without the prefix the range will not be scan
    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());

    let pk_range = (
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::<row::Empty>::Unbounded,
    );
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    // this row exists in both mem_table and cell_based_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(4_i32.into()),
            Some(44_i32.into()),
            Some(444_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // this row exists in mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(6_i32.into()),
            Some(66_i32.into()),
            Some(666_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // pk without the prefix the range will not be scan
    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
#[should_panic]
async fn test_mem_table_assertion() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None).await;

    let epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    // duplicate key: 1
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_iter_with_value_indices() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::descending()];
    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable_with_value_indices(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
        vec![2],
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(3333_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(9_i32.into()),
        Some(99_i32.into()),
        Some(999_i32.into()),
    ]));
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    {
        let iter = state_table
            .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        pin_mut!(iter);

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(111_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

        // will not get [2, 22, 222]
        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(3333_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(666_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());
    }

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // write [3, 33, 333], [4, 44, 444], [5, 55, 555], [7, 77, 777], [8, 88, 888]into mem_table,
    // [3, 33, 3333], [6, 66, 666], [9, 99, 999] exists in
    // shared_storage

    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(333_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(4_i32.into()),
        Some(44_i32.into()),
        Some(444_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(555_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        Some(77_i32.into()),
        Some(777_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(8_i32.into()),
        Some(88_i32.into()),
        Some(888_i32.into()),
    ]));

    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this pk exist in both shared_storage and mem_table
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(333_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

    // this row exists in mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(444_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(555_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in shared_storage
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(666_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(777.into())]), res.as_ref());

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(888_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in shared_storage
    assert_eq!(&OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(999_i32.into())]), res.as_ref());

    // there is no row in both shared_storage and mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_iter_with_shuffle_value_indices() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::descending()];
    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable_with_value_indices(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
        vec![2, 1, 0],
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(3333_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(6_i32.into()),
        Some(66_i32.into()),
        Some(666_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(9_i32.into()),
        Some(99_i32.into()),
        Some(999_i32.into()),
    ]));
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    {
        let iter = state_table
            .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        pin_mut!(iter);

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                Some(111_i32.into()),
                Some(11_i32.into()),
                Some(1_i32.into())
            ]),
            res.as_ref()
        );

        // will not get [2, 22, 222]
        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                Some(3333_i32.into()),
                Some(33_i32.into()),
                Some(3_i32.into())
            ]),
            res.as_ref()
        );

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                Some(666_i32.into()),
                Some(66_i32.into()),
                Some(6_i32.into())
            ]),
            res.as_ref()
        );
    }

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // write [3, 33, 333], [4, 44, 444], [5, 55, 555], [7, 77, 777], [8, 88, 888]into mem_table,
    // [3, 33, 3333], [6, 66, 666], [9, 99, 999] exists in
    // shared_storage

    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(333_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(4_i32.into()),
        Some(44_i32.into()),
        Some(444_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(555_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(7_i32.into()),
        Some(77_i32.into()),
        Some(777_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(8_i32.into()),
        Some(88_i32.into()),
        Some(888_i32.into()),
    ]));

    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(333_i32.into()),
            Some(33_i32.into()),
            Some(3_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // this row exists in mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(444_i32.into()),
            Some(44_i32.into()),
            Some(4_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(555_i32.into()),
            Some(55_i32.into()),
            Some(5_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in shared_storage
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(666_i32.into()),
            Some(66_i32.into()),
            Some(6_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(777.into()),
            Some(77_i32.into()),
            Some(7_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in mem_table
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(888_i32.into()),
            Some(88_i32.into()),
            Some(8_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    // this row exists in shared_storage
    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(999_i32.into()),
            Some(99_i32.into()),
            Some(9_i32.into())
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    // there is no row in both shared_storage and mem_table
    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_write_chunk() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int64),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Boolean),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(3), DataType::Float32),
    ];
    let data_types = [
        DataType::Int32,
        DataType::Int64,
        DataType::Boolean,
        DataType::Float32,
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let chunk = StreamChunk::from_rows(
        &[
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(123i32.into()),
                    Some(456i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(3.15f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert, // mark 1
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(365i32.into()),
                    Some(4888i64.into()),
                    Some(false.into()),
                    Some(0.123f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert, // mark 2
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(8i32.into()),
                    Some(1000i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(123.987f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::UpdateDelete, // update the row with `mark 1`
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(365i32.into()),
                    Some(4888i64.into()),
                    Some(false.into()),
                    Some(0.123f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::UpdateInsert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(365i32.into()),
                    Some(4999i64.into()),
                    Some(false.into()),
                    Some(0.123456f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Delete, // delete the row with `mark 2`
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(8i32.into()),
                    Some(1000i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(123.987f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
        ],
        &data_types,
    );

    state_table.write_chunk(chunk);
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    let rows: Vec<_> = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, PrefetchOptions::default())
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .await
        .into_iter()
        .map(|row| row.unwrap())
        .collect();

    assert_eq!(rows.len(), 2);
    assert_eq!(
        rows[0].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(123i32.into()),
            Some(456i64.into()),
            Some(true.into()),
            Some(3.15f32.into()),
        ])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        rows[1].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(365i32.into()),
            Some(4999i64.into()),
            Some(false.into()),
            Some(0.123456f32.into()),
        ])
    );
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_write_chunk_visibility() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int64),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Boolean),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(3), DataType::Float32),
    ];
    let data_types = [
        DataType::Int32,
        DataType::Int64,
        DataType::Boolean,
        DataType::Float32,
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let chunk = StreamChunk::from_rows(
        &[
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(123i32.into()),
                    Some(456i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(3.15f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert, // mark 1
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(365i32.into()),
                    Some(4888i64.into()),
                    Some(false.into()),
                    Some(0.123f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(8i32.into()),
                    Some(1000i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(123.987f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Delete, // delete the row with `mark 1`, but hidden
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(8i32.into()),
                    Some(1000i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(123.987f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
        ],
        &data_types,
    );
    let (ops, columns, _) = chunk.into_inner();
    let chunk =
        StreamChunk::with_visibility(ops, columns, Bitmap::from_iter([true, true, true, false]));

    state_table.write_chunk(chunk);
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    let rows: Vec<_> = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, PrefetchOptions::default())
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .await
        .into_iter()
        .map(|row| row.unwrap())
        .collect();

    assert_eq!(rows.len(), 3);
    assert_eq!(
        rows[0].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(8i32.into()),
            Some(1000i64.into()),
            Some(true.into()),
            Some(123.987f32.into()),
        ])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        rows[1].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(123i32.into()),
            Some(456i64.into()),
            Some(true.into()),
            Some(3.15f32.into()),
        ])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        rows[2].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(365i32.into()),
            Some(4888i64.into()),
            Some(false.into()),
            Some(0.123f32.into()),
        ])
    );
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_write_chunk_value_indices() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int64),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Boolean),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(3), DataType::Float32),
    ];
    let data_types = [
        DataType::Int32,
        DataType::Int64,
        DataType::Boolean,
        DataType::Float32,
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable_with_value_indices(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
        vec![2, 1],
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let chunk = StreamChunk::from_rows(
        &[
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(123i32.into()),
                    Some(456i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(3.15f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(365i32.into()),
                    Some(4888i64.into()),
                    Some(false.into()),
                    Some(0.123f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
            (
                Op::Insert,
                OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(8i32.into()),
                    Some(1000i64.into()),
                    Some(true.into()),
                    Some(123.987f32.into()),
                ]),
            ),
        ],
        &data_types,
    );

    state_table.write_chunk(chunk);
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    let rows: Vec<_> = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(row::empty(), sub_range, PrefetchOptions::default())
        .await
        .unwrap()
        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
        .await
        .into_iter()
        .map(|row| row.unwrap())
        .collect();

    assert_eq!(rows.len(), 3);
    assert_eq!(
        rows[0].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(true.into()), Some(1000i64.into()),])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        rows[1].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(true.into()), Some(456i64.into()),])
    );
    assert_eq!(
        rows[2].as_ref(),
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(false.into()), Some(4888i64.into()),])
    );
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_iter_prefix_and_sub_range() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::ascending()];
    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;
    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(22_i32.into()),
        Some(222_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(33_i32.into()),
        Some(333_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(4_i32.into()),
        Some(44_i32.into()),
        Some(444_i32.into()),
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    let pk_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]);

    let sub_range1 = (
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(11_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(33_i32.into())])),
    );

    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pk_prefix, &sub_range1, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();

    pin_mut!(iter);

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(111_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(22_i32.into()),
            Some(222_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());

    let sub_range2: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(11_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::Unbounded,
    );

    let pk_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]);
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pk_prefix, &sub_range2, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();

    pin_mut!(iter);

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(22_i32.into()),
            Some(222_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(33_i32.into()),
            Some(333_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());

    let sub_range3: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Unbounded,
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(33_i32.into())])),
    );

    let pk_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]);
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pk_prefix, &sub_range3, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();

    pin_mut!(iter);
    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(111_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(22_i32.into()),
            Some(222_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();

    assert_eq!(
        &OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(33_i32.into()),
            Some(333_i32.into()),
        ]),
        res.as_ref()
    );

    let res = iter.next().await;
    assert!(res.is_none());
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_replicated_state_table_replication() {
    type TestReplicatedStateTable = ReplicatedStateTable<HummockStorage, BasicSerde>;
    // Define the base table to replicate
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_index,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;

    // Create the base state table
    let mut state_table =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    // Create a replicated state table
    let output_column_ids = vec![ColumnId::from(2), ColumnId::from(0)];
    let mut replicated_state_table: TestReplicatedStateTable =
        TestReplicatedStateTable::new_replicated(
            &table,
            test_env.storage.clone(),
            None,
            output_column_ids,
        )
        .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Insert first record into base state table
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
    test_env.commit_epoch(epoch.prev).await;
    replicated_state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    {
        let range_bounds: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
            std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())])),
            std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2_i32.into())])),
        );
        let iter = state_table
            .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &range_bounds, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        let replicated_iter = replicated_state_table
            .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &range_bounds, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        pin_mut!(iter);
        pin_mut!(replicated_iter);

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                Some(1_i32.into()),
                Some(11_i32.into()),
                Some(111_i32.into()),
            ]),
            res.as_ref()
        );

        let res = replicated_iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(111_i32.into()), Some(1_i32.into()),]),
            res.as_ref()
        );
    }

    // Test replication
    let state_table_chunk = [(
        Op::Insert,
        OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(2_i32.into()),
            Some(22_i32.into()),
            Some(222_i32.into()),
        ]),
    )];
    let state_table_chunk = StreamChunk::from_rows(
        &state_table_chunk,
        &[DataType::Int32, DataType::Int32, DataType::Int32],
    );
    state_table.write_chunk(state_table_chunk);
    let replicate_chunk = [(
        Op::Insert,
        OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(222_i32.into()), Some(2_i32.into())]),
    )];
    let replicate_chunk =
        StreamChunk::from_rows(&replicate_chunk, &[DataType::Int32, DataType::Int32]);
    replicated_state_table.write_chunk(replicate_chunk);

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
    replicated_state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    {
        let range_bounds: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())])),
            std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(2_i32.into())])),
        );

        let iter = state_table
            .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &range_bounds, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();

        let range_bounds: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
            std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())])),
            std::ops::Bound::Unbounded,
        );
        let replicated_iter = replicated_state_table
            .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &range_bounds, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        pin_mut!(iter);
        pin_mut!(replicated_iter);

        let res = iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                Some(2_i32.into()),
                Some(22_i32.into()),
                Some(222_i32.into()),
            ]),
            res.as_ref()
        );

        let res = replicated_iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(222_i32.into()), Some(2_i32.into()),]),
            res.as_ref()
        );
    }

    // Test that after commit, the local state store can
    // merge the replicated records with the local records
    test_env.commit_epoch(epoch.prev).await;

    {
        let range_bounds: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) =
            (std::ops::Bound::Unbounded, std::ops::Bound::Unbounded);
        let replicated_iter = replicated_state_table
            .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &range_bounds, Default::default())
            .await
            .unwrap();
        pin_mut!(replicated_iter);

        let res = replicated_iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(111_i32.into()), Some(1_i32.into()),]),
            res.as_ref()
        );

        let res = replicated_iter.next().await.unwrap().unwrap();
        assert_eq!(
            &OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(222_i32.into()), Some(2_i32.into()),]),
            res.as_ref()
        );
    }
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_non_pk_prefix_watermark_read() {
    // Define the base table to replicate
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::ascending()];
    let column_ids = [ColumnId::from(0), ColumnId::from(1), ColumnId::from(2)];
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[0], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[1], DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(column_ids[2], DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let pk_indices = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let mut table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs,
        order_types,
        pk_indices,
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    // non-pk-prefix watermark
    let watermark_col_idx = 1;
    table.watermark_indices = vec![watermark_col_idx];
    #[expect(deprecated)]
    table.clean_watermark_index_in_pk = Some(1);
    table.clean_watermark_indices = vec![watermark_col_idx as u32]; // Column index, not PK index
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;

    // Create the base state table
    let mut state_table: crate::common::table::state_table::StateTableInner<HummockStorage> =
        StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(&table, test_env.storage.clone(), None)
            .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Insert first record into base state table
    let r1 = OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(0_i32.into()),
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(1_i32.into()),
    ]);
    state_table.insert(r1.clone());

    let r2 = OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(0_i32.into()),
        Some(2_i32.into()),
        Some(2_i32.into()),
    ]);
    state_table.insert(r2.clone());

    let r3 = OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(0_i32.into()),
        Some(3_i32.into()),
        Some(3_i32.into()),
    ]);
    state_table.insert(r3.clone());

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
    test_env.commit_epoch(epoch.prev).await;

    {
        // test read
        let item_1 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(1_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r1, item_1);

        let item_2 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(2_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(r2, item_2);

        let item_3 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(3_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();

        assert_eq!(r3, item_3);
    }

    {
        // update watermark
        let watermark = ScalarImpl::Int32(1);
        state_table.update_watermark(watermark);

        epoch.inc_for_test();
        test_env
            .storage
            .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
        state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
        test_env.commit_epoch(epoch.prev).await;

        // do not rewrite key-range or filter data for non-pk-prefix watermark
        let item_1 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(1_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r1, item_1);

        let item_2 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(2_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r2, item_2);

        let item_3 = state_table
            .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(3_i32.into())]))
            .await
            .unwrap()
            .unwrap();
        assert_eq!(r3, item_3);
    }
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_committed_watermark_descending_direction() {
    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let mut table = gen_pbtable_with_dist_key(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        vec![
            ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
            ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
        ],
        vec![OrderType::descending()],
        vec![0],
        1,
        vec![0],
    );
    table.watermark_indices = vec![0];
    table.clean_watermark_indices = vec![0];

    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;
    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;

    let vnode_count = VirtualNode::COUNT_FOR_TEST;
    let half = vnode_count / 2;
    let bitmap_of = |range: std::ops::Range<usize>| {
        let mut b = BitmapBuilder::zeroed(vnode_count);
        range.for_each(|i| b.set(i, true));
        Arc::new(b.finish())
    };

    let mut state_table_low = StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(
        &table,
        test_env.storage.clone(),
        Some(bitmap_of(0..half)),
    )
    .await;
    let mut state_table_high = StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(
        &table,
        test_env.storage.clone(),
        Some(bitmap_of(half..vnode_count)),
    )
    .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table_low.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();
    state_table_high.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    state_table_low.update_watermark(ScalarImpl::Int32(100));
    state_table_high.update_watermark(ScalarImpl::Int32(200));

    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table_low.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
    state_table_high.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();
    test_env.commit_epoch(epoch.prev).await;

    let state_table = StateTable::from_table_catalog_inconsistent_op(
        &table,
        test_env.storage.clone(),
        Some(bitmap_of(0..vnode_count)),
    )
    .await;
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.get_committed_watermark(),
        Some(&ScalarImpl::Int32(200)),
    );
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_with_vnode_stats() {
    use prometheus::Registry;
    use risingwave_common::config::MetricLevel;

    use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTableBuilder;
    use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
    use crate::task::{ActorId, FragmentId};

    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(233);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 1;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs.clone(),
        order_types.clone(),
        pk_index.clone(),
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;

    // Attach metrics to verify vnode pruning effectiveness
    let registry = Registry::new();
    let metrics = StreamingMetrics::new(&registry, MetricLevel::Debug).new_state_table_metrics(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        ActorId::new(1),
        FragmentId::new(1),
    );

    // Build state table with vnode stats enabled
    let vnode_bitmap = {
        let mut builder = BitmapBuilder::zeroed(VirtualNode::COUNT_FOR_TEST);
        for i in 0..VirtualNode::COUNT_FOR_TEST {
            builder.set(i, true);
        }
        builder.finish()
    };
    let mut config = StreamingConfig::default();
    config.developer.enable_state_table_vnode_stats_pruning = true;
    let mut state_table: StateTable<HummockStorage> = StateTableBuilder::new(
        &table,
        test_env.storage.clone(),
        Some(Arc::new(vnode_bitmap)),
    )
    .enable_vnode_key_stats(true, &Arc::new(config))
    .with_metrics(metrics)
    .forbid_preload_all_rows()
    .build()
    .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Insert some rows
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(55_i32.into()),
        Some(555_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(9_i32.into()),
        Some(99_i32.into()),
        Some(999_i32.into()),
    ]));

    // Commit first epoch to establish vnode stats (min=1, max=9)
    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Verify rows can be read
    let row1 = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row1,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(111_i32.into()),
        ]))
    );

    let row5 = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row5,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(5_i32.into()),
            Some(55_i32.into()),
            Some(555_i32.into()),
        ]))
    );

    let row9 = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(9_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row9,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(9_i32.into()),
            Some(99_i32.into()),
            Some(999_i32.into()),
        ]))
    );

    // Test reading non-existent rows and ensure pruning happens
    // Key 0 is less than min key (1)
    let row0 = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(row0, None);

    // gets above should be pruned by vnode stats
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        1
    );

    // Key 10 is greater than max key (9)
    let row10 = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(10_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(row10, None);

    // Both gets above should be pruned by vnode stats
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        2
    );

    // Test exists() for existing rows
    let exists1 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists1);

    let exists5 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists5);

    let exists9 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(9_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists9);

    // Test exists() for non-existent rows with pruning
    // Key 0 is less than min key (1) - should be pruned
    let exists0 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!exists0);
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        3
    );

    // Key 10 is greater than max key (9) - should be pruned
    let exists10 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(10_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!exists10);
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        4
    );

    // Test update and delete operations
    state_table.delete(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(111_i32.into()),
    ]));

    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(11_i32.into()),
        Some(1111_i32.into()),
    ]));

    // Verify updated row
    let row1_updated = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row1_updated,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(1111_i32.into()),
        ]))
    );

    // Commit second epoch
    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Verify all rows after commit
    let row1_commit = state_table
        .get_row(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert_eq!(
        row1_commit,
        Some(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1_i32.into()),
            Some(11_i32.into()),
            Some(1111_i32.into()),
        ]))
    );

    // Test iteration with vnode stats: prefix 1 should yield 1 row
    let sub_range: &(Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = &(Unbounded, Unbounded);
    let pk_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into())]);
    let iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pk_prefix, sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(iter);

    let mut count = 0;
    while let Some(result) = iter.next().await {
        result.unwrap();
        count += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(count, 1);

    // Iteration over pruned prefix should immediately return empty and increment metric
    let pruned_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into())]);
    let pruned_iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pruned_prefix, sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(pruned_iter);
    assert!(pruned_iter.next().await.is_none());
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().iter_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        1
    );

    // iteration over another pruned prefix should immediately return empty and increment metric
    let pruned_prefix = OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(10_i32.into())]);
    let pruned_iter = state_table
        .iter_with_prefix(pruned_prefix, sub_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(pruned_iter);
    assert!(pruned_iter.next().await.is_none());
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().iter_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        2
    );
}

#[tokio::test]
async fn test_state_table_pruned_key_range_with_two_pk_columns() {
    use prometheus::Registry;
    use risingwave_common::config::MetricLevel;

    use crate::common::table::state_table::StateTableBuilder;
    use crate::executor::monitor::StreamingMetrics;
    use crate::task::{ActorId, FragmentId};

    const TEST_TABLE_ID: TableId = TableId::new(234);
    let test_env = prepare_hummock_test_env().await;

    // Create a table with two primary key columns
    let column_descs = vec![
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(0), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(1), DataType::Int32),
        ColumnDesc::unnamed(ColumnId::from(2), DataType::Int32),
    ];
    let order_types = vec![OrderType::ascending(), OrderType::ascending()];
    let pk_index = vec![0_usize, 1_usize];
    let read_prefix_len_hint = 0;
    let table = gen_pbtable(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        column_descs.clone(),
        order_types.clone(),
        pk_index.clone(),
        read_prefix_len_hint,
    );

    test_env.register_table(table.clone()).await;

    let registry = Registry::new();
    let metrics = StreamingMetrics::new(&registry, MetricLevel::Debug).new_state_table_metrics(
        TEST_TABLE_ID,
        ActorId::new(2),
        FragmentId::new(2),
    );

    let vnode_bitmap = {
        let mut builder = BitmapBuilder::zeroed(VirtualNode::COUNT_FOR_TEST);
        for i in 0..VirtualNode::COUNT_FOR_TEST {
            builder.set(i, true);
        }
        builder.finish()
    };
    let mut config = StreamingConfig::default();
    config.developer.enable_state_table_vnode_stats_pruning = true;
    let mut state_table: StateTable<HummockStorage> = StateTableBuilder::new(
        &table,
        test_env.storage.clone(),
        Some(Arc::new(vnode_bitmap)),
    )
    .enable_vnode_key_stats(true, &Arc::new(config))
    .with_metrics(metrics)
    .forbid_preload_all_rows()
    .build()
    .await;

    let mut epoch = EpochPair::new_test_epoch(test_epoch(1));
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.init_epoch(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Insert rows with two-column PKs
    // (1, 10), (1, 20), (1, 30)
    // (5, 50), (5, 60)
    // (9, 90)
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(10_i32.into()),
        Some(100_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(20_i32.into()),
        Some(200_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(1_i32.into()),
        Some(30_i32.into()),
        Some(300_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(50_i32.into()),
        Some(500_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(5_i32.into()),
        Some(60_i32.into()),
        Some(600_i32.into()),
    ]));
    state_table.insert(OwnedRow::new(vec![
        Some(9_i32.into()),
        Some(90_i32.into()),
        Some(900_i32.into()),
    ]));

    // Commit to establish vnode stats
    epoch.inc_for_test();
    test_env
        .storage
        .start_epoch(epoch.curr, HashSet::from_iter([TEST_TABLE_ID]));
    state_table.commit_for_test(epoch).await.unwrap();

    // Test 1: Full range scan should find all 6 rows
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) =
        (std::ops::Bound::Unbounded, std::ops::Bound::Unbounded);
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    let mut count = 0;
    while (it.next().await).is_some() {
        count += 1;
    }
    assert_eq!(count, 6);

    // Test 2: Range before min key (1, 10) should be pruned
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some((-10_i32).into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ])),
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(99_i32.into())])),
    );
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    assert!(it.next().await.is_none());
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().iter_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        1
    );

    // Test 3: Range after max key (9, 90) should be pruned
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(100_i32.into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ])),
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(200_i32.into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ])),
    );
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    assert!(it.next().await.is_none());
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().iter_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        2
    );

    // Test 4: Range that extends before min key gets narrowed
    // Range: [-100, 50] should be narrowed to [min_key, 50] and return rows (1,10), (1,20), (1,30), (5,50)
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some((-100_i32).into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ])),
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into()), Some(50_i32.into())])),
    );
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    let mut count = 0;
    while let Some(row) = it.next().await {
        let row = row.unwrap();
        count += 1;
        // Verify we're getting the expected rows
        match count {
            1 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(1_i32.into()),
                    Some(10_i32.into()),
                    Some(100_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            2 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(1_i32.into()),
                    Some(20_i32.into()),
                    Some(200_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            3 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(1_i32.into()),
                    Some(30_i32.into()),
                    Some(300_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            4 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(5_i32.into()),
                    Some(50_i32.into()),
                    Some(500_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            _ => panic!("Unexpected row"),
        }
    }
    assert_eq!(count, 4);

    // Test 5: Range that extends after max key gets narrowed
    // Range: [5, 1000] should be narrowed to [5, max_key] and return rows (5,50), (5,60), (9,90)
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into()), Some(0_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(1000_i32.into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ])),
    );
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    let mut count = 0;
    while let Some(row) = it.next().await {
        let row = row.unwrap();
        count += 1;
        match count {
            1 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(5_i32.into()),
                    Some(50_i32.into()),
                    Some(500_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            2 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(5_i32.into()),
                    Some(60_i32.into()),
                    Some(600_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            3 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(9_i32.into()),
                    Some(90_i32.into()),
                    Some(900_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            _ => panic!("Unexpected row"),
        }
    }
    assert_eq!(count, 3);

    // Test 6: Range within bounds returns correct rows
    // Range: [(1, 15), (5, 55)] should return (1,20), (1,30), (5,50)
    let pk_range: (Bound<OwnedRow>, Bound<OwnedRow>) = (
        std::ops::Bound::Excluded(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into()), Some(15_i32.into())])),
        std::ops::Bound::Included(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into()), Some(55_i32.into())])),
    );
    let it = state_table
        .iter_with_vnode(SINGLETON_VNODE, &pk_range, Default::default())
        .await
        .unwrap();
    pin_mut!(it);
    let mut count = 0;
    while let Some(row) = it.next().await {
        let row = row.unwrap();
        count += 1;
        match count {
            1 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(1_i32.into()),
                    Some(20_i32.into()),
                    Some(200_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            2 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(1_i32.into()),
                    Some(30_i32.into()),
                    Some(300_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            3 => assert_eq!(
                row.as_ref(),
                &OwnedRow::new(vec![
                    Some(5_i32.into()),
                    Some(50_i32.into()),
                    Some(500_i32.into())
                ])
            ),
            _ => panic!("Unexpected row"),
        }
    }
    assert_eq!(count, 3);

    // Test 7: exists() for existing rows with two-column PKs
    let exists_1_10 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into()), Some(10_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists_1_10);

    let exists_5_50 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(5_i32.into()), Some(50_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists_5_50);

    let exists_9_90 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(9_i32.into()), Some(90_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(exists_9_90);

    // Test 8: exists() for non-existent row within range (should not be pruned)
    let exists_1_15 = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(1_i32.into()), Some(15_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!exists_1_15);
    // This should NOT increment pruned count since (1, 15) is within the range
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        0
    );

    // Test 9: exists() for key before min key - should be pruned
    let exists_before_min = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![Some(0_i32.into()), Some(5_i32.into())]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!exists_before_min);
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        1
    );

    // Test 10: exists() for key after max key - should be pruned
    let exists_after_max = state_table
        .exists(OwnedRow::new(vec![
            Some(100_i32.into()),
            Some(0_i32.into()),
        ]))
        .await
        .unwrap();
    assert!(!exists_after_max);
    assert_eq!(
        state_table.metrics().unwrap().get_vnode_pruned_count.get(),
        2
    );
}
