- Feature Name: `pattern`
- Start Date: 2015-02-17
- RFC PR: [rust-lang/rfcs#528](https://github.com/rust-lang/rfcs/pull/528)
- Rust Issue: [rust-lang/rust#27721](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/27721)

## Summary

Stabilize all string functions working with search patterns around a new
generic API that provides a unified way to define and use those patterns.

## Motivation

Right now, string slices define a couple of methods for string
manipulation that work with user provided values that act as
search patterns. For example, `split()` takes an type implementing `CharEq`
to split the slice at all codepoints that match that predicate.

Among these methods, the notion of what exactly is being used as a search
pattern varies inconsistently: Many work with the generic `CharEq`,
which only looks at a single codepoint at a time; and some
work with `char` or `&str` directly, sometimes duplicating a method to
provide operations for both.

This presents a couple of issues:

- The API is inconsistent.
- The API duplicates similar operations on different types. (`contains` vs `contains_char`)
- The API does not provide all operations for all types. (For example, no `rsplit` for `&str` patterns)
- The API is not extensible, eg to allow splitting at regex matches.
- The API offers no way to explicitly decide between different search algorithms
  for the same pattern, for example to use Boyer-Moore string searching.

At the moment, the full set of relevant string methods roughly looks like this:

```rust
pub trait StrExt for ?Sized {
    fn contains(&self, needle: &str) -> bool;
    fn contains_char(&self, needle: char) -> bool;

    fn split<Sep: CharEq>(&self, sep: Sep) -> CharSplits<Sep>;
    fn splitn<Sep: CharEq>(&self, sep: Sep, count: uint) -> CharSplitsN<Sep>;
    fn rsplitn<Sep: CharEq>(&self, sep: Sep, count: uint) -> CharSplitsN<Sep>;
    fn split_terminator<Sep: CharEq>(&self, sep: Sep) -> CharSplits<Sep>;
    fn split_str<'a>(&'a self, &'a str) -> StrSplits<'a>;

    fn match_indices<'a>(&'a self, sep: &'a str) -> MatchIndices<'a>;

    fn starts_with(&self, needle: &str) -> bool;
    fn ends_with(&self, needle: &str) -> bool;

    fn trim_chars<C: CharEq>(&self, to_trim: C) -> &'a str;
    fn trim_left_chars<C: CharEq>(&self, to_trim: C) -> &'a str;
    fn trim_right_chars<C: CharEq>(&self, to_trim: C) -> &'a str;

    fn find<C: CharEq>(&self, search: C) -> Option<uint>;
    fn rfind<C: CharEq>(&self, search: C) -> Option<uint>;
    fn find_str(&self, &str) -> Option<uint>;

    // ...
}
```

This RFC proposes to fix those issues by providing a unified `Pattern` trait
that all "string pattern" types would implement, and that would be used by the string API
exclusively.

This fixes the duplication, consistency, and extensibility problems, and also allows to define
newtype wrappers for the same pattern types that use different or specific
search implementations.

As an additional design goal, the new abstractions should also not pose a problem
for optimization - like for iterators, a concrete instance should produce similar
machine code to a hardcoded optimized loop written in C.

## Detailed design

### New traits

First, new traits will be added to the `str` module in the std library:

```rust
trait Pattern<'a> {
    type Searcher: Searcher<'a>;
    fn into_matcher(self, haystack: &'a str) -> Self::Searcher;

    fn is_contained_in(self, haystack: &'a str) -> bool { /* default*/ }
    fn match_starts_at(self, haystack: &'a str, idx: usize) -> bool { /* default*/ }
    fn match_ends_at(self, haystack: &'a str, idx: usize) -> bool
        where Self::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a> { /* default*/ }
}
```

A `Pattern` represents a builder for an associated type implementing a
family of `Searcher` traits (see below), and will be implemented by all types that
represent string patterns, which includes:

- `&str`
- `char`, and everything else implementing `CharEq`
- Third party types like `&Regex` or `Ascii`
- Alternative algorithm wrappers like `struct BoyerMoore(&str)`

```rust
impl<'a>     Pattern<'a> for char       { /* ... */ }
impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b str    { /* ... */ }

impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b [char] { /* ... */ }
impl<'a, F>  Pattern<'a> for F where F: FnMut(char) -> bool { /* ... */ }

impl<'a, 'b> Pattern<'a> for &'b Regex  { /* ... */ }
```

The lifetime parameter on `Pattern` exists in order to allow threading the lifetime
of the haystack (the string to be searched through) through the API, and is a workaround
for not having associated higher kinded types yet.

Consumers of this API can then call `into_searcher()` on the pattern to convert it into
a type implementing a family of `Searcher` traits:

```rust
pub enum SearchStep {
    Match(usize, usize),
    Reject(usize, usize),
    Done
}
pub unsafe trait Searcher<'a> {
    fn haystack(&self) -> &'a str;
    fn next(&mut self) -> SearchStep;

    fn next_match(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, usize)> { /* default*/ }
    fn next_reject(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, usize)> { /* default*/ }
}
pub unsafe trait ReverseSearcher<'a>: Searcher<'a> {
    fn next_back(&mut self) -> SearchStep;

    fn next_match_back(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, usize)> { /* default*/ }
    fn next_reject_back(&mut self) -> Option<(usize, usize)> { /* default*/ }
}
pub trait DoubleEndedSearcher<'a>: ReverseSearcher<'a> {}
```

The basic idea of a `Searcher` is to expose a interface for
iterating through all connected string fragments of the haystack while classifying them as either a match, or a reject.

This happens in form of the returned enum value. A `Match` needs to contain the start and end indices of a complete non-overlapping match, while a `Rejects` may be emitted for arbitrary non-overlapping rejected parts of the string, as long as the start and end indices lie on valid utf8 boundaries.

Similar to iterators, depending on the concrete implementation a searcher can have
additional capabilities that build on each other, which is why they will be
defined in terms of a three-tier hierarchy:

- `Searcher<'a>` is the basic trait that all searchers need to implement.
  It contains a `next()` method that returns the `start` and `end` indices of
  the next match or reject in the haystack, with the search beginning at the front
  (left) of the string. It also contains a `haystack()` getter for returning the
  actual haystack, which is the source of the `'a` lifetime on the hierarchy.
  The reason for this getter being made part of the trait is twofold:
  - Every searcher needs to store some reference to the haystack anyway.
  - Users of this trait will need access to the haystack in order
    for the individual match results to be useful.
- `ReverseSearcher<'a>` adds an `next_back()` method, for also allowing to efficiently
  search in reverse (starting from the right).
  However, the results are not required to be equal to the results of
  `next()` in reverse, (as would be the case for the `DoubleEndedIterator` trait)
  because that can not be efficiently guaranteed for all searchers. (For an example, see further below)
- Instead `DoubleEndedSearcher<'a>` is provided as an marker trait for expressing
  that guarantee - If a searcher implements this trait, all results found from the
  left need to be equal to all results found from the right in reverse order.

As an important last detail, both
`Searcher` and `ReverseSearcher` are marked as `unsafe` traits, even though the actual methods
aren't. This is because every implementation of these traits need to ensure that all
indices returned by `next()` and `next_back()` lie on valid utf8 boundaries
in the haystack.

Without that guarantee, every single match returned by a matcher would need to be
double-checked for validity, which would be unnecessary and most likely
unoptimizable work.

This is in contrast to the current hardcoded implementations, which can
make use of such guarantees because the concrete types are known
and all unsafe code needed for such optimizations is contained inside a single safe impl.

Given that most implementations of these traits will likely
live in the std library anyway, and are thoroughly tested, marking these traits `unsafe`
doesn't seem like a huge burden to bear for good, optimizable performance.

#### The role of the additional default methods

`Pattern`, `Searcher` and `ReverseSearcher` each offer a few additional
default methods that give better optimization opportunities.

Most consumers of the pattern API will use them to more narrowly constraint
how they are looking for a pattern, which given an optimized implementantion,
should lead to mostly optimal code being generated.

#### Example for the issue with double-ended searching

Let the haystack be the string `"fooaaaaabar"`, and let the pattern be the string `"aa"`.

Then a efficient, lazy implementation of the matcher searching from the left
would find these matches:

`"foo[aa][aa]abar"`

However, the same algorithm searching from the right would find these matches:

`"fooa[aa][aa]bar"`

This discrepancy can not be avoided without additional overhead or even
allocations for caching in the reverse matcher, and thus "matching from the front" needs to
be considered a different operation than "matching from the back".

#### Why `(uint, uint)` instead of `&str`

> Note: This section is a bit outdated now

It would be possible to define `next` and `next_back` to return `&str`s instead of `(uint, uint)` tuples.

A concrete searcher impl could then make use of unsafe code to construct such an slice cheaply,
and by its very nature it is guaranteed to lie on utf8 boundaries,
which would also allow not marking the traits as unsafe.

However, this approach has a couple of issues. For one, not every consumer of
this API cares about only the matched slice itself:

- The `split()` family of operations cares about the slices _between_ matches.
- Operations like `match_indices()` and `find()` need to actually return the offset
  to the start of the string as part of their definition.
- The `trim()` and `Xs_with()` family of operations need to compare individual match
  offsets with each other and the start and end of the string.

In order for these use cases to work with a `&str` match, the concrete adapters
would need to unsafely calculate the offset of a match `&str` to the start of the haystack `&str`.

But that in turn would require matcher implementors to only return actual sub slices into
the haystack, and not random `static` string slices, as the API defined with `&str` would allow.

In order to resolve that issue, you'd have to do one of:

- Add the uncheckable API constraint of only requiring true subslices, which would make the traits
  unsafe again, negating much of the benefit.
- Return a more complex custom slice type that still contains the haystack offset.
  (This is listed as an alternative at the end of this RFC.)

In both cases, the API does not really improve significantly, so `uint` indices have been chosen
as the "simple" default design.

### New methods on `StrExt`

With the `Pattern` and `Searcher` traits defined and implemented, the actual `str`
methods will be changed to make use of them:

```rust
pub trait StrExt for ?Sized {
    fn contains<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> bool where P: Pattern<'a>;

    fn split<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Splits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rsplit<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RSplits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn split_terminator<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> TermSplits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rsplit_terminator<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RTermSplits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn splitn<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P, n: uint) -> NSplits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rsplitn<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P, n: uint) -> RNSplits<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;

    fn matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Matches<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rmatches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RMatches<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn match_indices<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> MatchIndices<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rmatch_indices<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> RMatchIndices<P> where P: Pattern<'a>;

    fn starts_with<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> bool where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn ends_with<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> bool where P: Pattern<'a>,
                                                        P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>;

    fn trim_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a str where P: Pattern<'a>,
                                                              P::Searcher: DoubleEndedSearcher<'a>;
    fn trim_left_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a str where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn trim_right_matches<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> &'a str where P: Pattern<'a>,
                                                                    P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>;

    fn find<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Option<uint> where P: Pattern<'a>;
    fn rfind<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> Option<uint> where P: Pattern<'a>,
                                                            P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>;

    // ...
}
```

These are mainly the same pattern-using methods as currently existing, only
changed to uniformly use the new pattern API. The main differences are:

- Duplicates like `contains(char)` and `contains_str(&str)` got merged into single generic methods.
- `CharEq`-centric naming got changed to `Pattern`-centric naming by changing `chars`
  to `matches` in a few method names.
- A `Matches` iterator has been added, that just returns the pattern matches as `&str` slices.
  Its uninteresting for patterns that look for a single string fragment, like the `char` and `&str`
  matcher, but useful for advanced patterns like predicates over codepoints, or regular expressions.
- All operations that can work from both the front and the back consistently exist in two versions,
  the regular front version, and a `r` prefixed reverse versions. As explained above,
  this is because both represent different operations, and thus need to be handled as such.
  To be more precise, the two can __not__ be abstracted over by providing a `DoubleEndedIterator`
  implementations, as the different results would break the requirement for double ended iterators
  to behave like a double ended queues where you just pop elements from both sides.

_However_, all iterators will still implement `DoubleEndedIterator` if the underlying
matcher implements `DoubleEndedSearcher`, to keep the ability to do things like `foo.split('a').rev()`.

### Transition and deprecation plans

Most changes in this RFC can be made in such a way that code using the old hardcoded or `CharEq`-using
methods will still compile, or give deprecation warning.

It would even be possible to generically implement `Pattern` for all `CharEq` types,
making the transition more painless.

Long-term, post 1.0, it would be possible to define new sets of `Pattern` and `Searcher`
without a lifetime parameter by making use of higher kinded types in order to simplify the
string APIs. Eg, instead of `fn starts_with<'a, P>(&'a self, pat: P) -> bool where P: Pattern<'a>;`
you'd have `fn starts_with<P>(&self, pat: P) -> bool where P: Pattern;`.

In order to not break backwards-compatibility, these can use the same generic-impl trick to
forward to the old traits, which would roughly look like this:

```rust
unsafe trait NewPattern {
    type Searcher<'a> where Searcher: NewSearcher;

    fn into_matcher<'a>(self, s: &'a str) -> Self::Searcher<'a>;
}

unsafe impl<'a, P> Pattern<'a> for P where P: NewPattern {
    type Searcher = <Self as NewPattern>::Searcher<'a>;

    fn into_matcher(self, haystack: &'a str) -> Self::Searcher {
        <Self as NewPattern>::into_matcher(self, haystack)
    }
}

unsafe trait NewSearcher for Self<'_> {
    fn haystack<'a>(self: &Self<'a>) -> &'a str;
    fn next_match<'a>(self: &mut Self<'a>) -> Option<(uint, uint)>;
}

unsafe impl<'a, M> Searcher<'a> for M<'a> where M: NewSearcher {
    fn haystack(&self) -> &'a str {
        <M as NewSearcher>::haystack(self)
    }
    fn next_match(&mut self) -> Option<(uint, uint)> {
        <M as NewSearcher>::next_match(self)
    }
}
```

Based on coherency experiments and assumptions about how future HKT will work,
the author is assuming that the above implementation will work, but can not experimentally prove it.

> Note: There might be still an issue with this upgrade path on the concrete iterator types.
  That is, `Split<P>` might turn into `Split<'a, P>`... Maybe require the `'a` from the beginning?

In order for these new traits to fully replace the old ones without getting in their way,
the old ones need to not be defined in a way that makes them "final".
That is, they should be defined in their own submodule, like `str::pattern` that can grow
a sister module like `str::newpattern`, and not be exported in a global place like `str` or even
the `prelude` (which would be unneeded anyway).

## Drawbacks

- It complicates the whole machinery and API behind the implementation of matching on string patterns.
- The no-HKT-lifetime-workaround wart might be to confusing for something as commonplace as the string API.
- This add a few layers of generics, so compilation times and micro optimizations might suffer.

## Alternatives

> Note: This section is not updated to the new naming scheme

In general:

- Keep status quo, with all issues listed at the beginning.
- Stabilize on hardcoded variants, eg providing both `contains` and `contains_str`.
  Similar to status quo, but no `CharEq` and thus no generics.

Under the assumption that the lifetime parameter on the traits in this proposal
is too big a wart to have in the release string API, there is an primary alternative
that would avoid it:

- Stabilize on a variant around `CharEq` - This would mean hardcoded `_str` methods,
  generic `CharEq` methods, and no extensibility to types like `Regex`, but has a
  upgrade path for later upgrading `CharEq` to a full-fledged, HKT-using `Pattern` API, by providing
  back-comp generic impls.

Next, there are alternatives that might make a positive difference in the authors opinion, but still have
some negative trade-offs:

- With the `Matcher` traits having the unsafe constraint of returning results unique to the
  current haystack already, they could just directly return a `(*const u8, *const u8)` pointing into it.
  This would allow a few more micro-optimizations, as now the `matcher -> match -> final slice`
  pipeline would no longer need to keep adding and subtracting the start address of the haystack
  for immediate results.
- Extend `Pattern` into `Pattern` and `ReversePattern`, starting the forward-reverse split at the level of
  patterns directly. The two would still be in a inherits-from relationship like
  `Matcher` and `ReverseSearcher`, and be interchangeable if the later also implement `DoubleEndedSearcher`,
  but on the `str` API where clauses like `where P: Pattern<'a>, P::Searcher: ReverseSearcher<'a>`
  would turn into `where P: ReversePattern<'a>`.

Lastly, there are alternatives that don't seem very favorable, but are listed for completeness sake:

- Remove `unsafe` from the API by returning a special `SubSlice<'a>` type instead of `(uint, uint)` in each
  match, that wraps the haystack and the
  current match as a `(*start, *match_start, *match_end, *end)` pointer quad. It is unclear whether
  those two additional words per match end up being an issue after monomorphization, but two of them
  will be constant for the duration of the iteration, so changes are they won't matter.
  The `haystack()` could also be removed that way, as each match already returns the haystack.
  However, this still prevents removal of the lifetime parameters without HKT.
- Remove the lifetimes on `Matcher` and `Pattern` by requiring users of the API to store the haystack slice
  themselves, duplicating it in the in-memory representation.
  However, this still runs into HKT issues with the impl of `Pattern`.
- Remove the lifetime parameter on `Pattern` and `Matcher` by making them fully unsafe API's,
  and require implementations to unsafely transmuting back the lifetime of the haystack slice.
- Remove `unsafe` from the API by not marking the `Matcher` traits as `unsafe`, requiring users of the API
  to explicitly check every match on validity in regard to utf8 boundaries.
- Allow to opt-in the `unsafe` traits by providing parallel safe and unsafe `Matcher` traits or methods,
  with the one per default implemented in terms of the other.

## Unresolved questions

- Concrete performance is untested compared to the current situation.
- Should the API split in regard to forward-reverse matching be as symmetrical as possible,
  or as minimal as possible?
  In the first case, iterators like `Matches` and `RMatches` could both implement `DoubleEndedIterator` if a
  `DoubleEndedSearcher` exists, in the latter only `Matches` would, with `RMatches` only providing the
  minimum to support reverse operation.
  A ruling in favor of symmetry would also speak for the `ReversePattern` alternative.

## Additional extensions

A similar abstraction system could be implemented for `String` APIs, so that for example `string.push("foo")`,
`string.push('f')`, `string.push('f'.to_ascii())` all work by using something like a `StringSource` trait.

This would allow operations like `s.replace(&regex!(...), "foo")`,
which would be a method generic over both the pattern matched and the string fragment it gets replaced with:

```rust
fn replace<P, S>(&mut self, pat: P, with: S) where P: Pattern, S: StringSource { /* ... */ }
```
