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# Image processors

Image processors convert images into pixel values, tensors that represent image colors and size. The pixel values are inputs to a vision model. To ensure a pretrained model receives the correct input, an image processor can perform the following operations to make sure an image is exactly like the images a model was pretrained on.

- center-crop or resize an image
- normalize or rescale pixel values

Use [`~ImageProcessingMixin.from_pretrained`] to load an image processors configuration (image size, whether to normalize and rescale, etc.) from a vision model on the Hugging Face [Hub](https://hf.co) or local directory. The configuration for each pretrained model is saved in a [preprocessor_config.json](https://huggingface.co/google/vit-base-patch16-224/blob/main/preprocessor_config.json) file.

```py
from transformers import AutoImageProcessor

image_processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224")
```

Pass an image to the image processor to transform it into pixel values, and set `return_tensors="pt"` to return PyTorch tensors. Feel free to print out the inputs to see what the image looks like as a tensor.

```py
from PIL import Image
import requests

url = "https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/image_processor_example.png"
image = Image.open(requests.get(url, stream=True).raw).convert("RGB")
inputs = image_processor(image, return_tensors="pt")
```

This guide covers the image processor class and how to preprocess images for vision models.

## Image processor classes

Image processors use a backend-based architecture with two backends:

- [`TorchvisionBackend`] — the default [torchvision-backed](https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/index.html) implementation. GPU-accelerated and up to 33x faster than the PIL backend for batches of [torch.Tensor](https://pytorch.org/docs/stable/tensors.html) inputs. All models support this backend; newer models only support this one.
- [`PilBackend`] — the PIL/NumPy alternative. Portable and CPU-only. Only available for older models, where it is useful to reproduce the exact numerical outputs of the original implementation.

The active backend on a loaded processor can be inspected with its `backend` attribute (e.g., `processor.backend == "torchvision"`). Each image processor subclasses [`ImageProcessingMixin`] which provides the [`~ImageProcessingMixin.from_pretrained`] and [`~ImageProcessingMixin.save_pretrained`] methods.

There are two ways you can load an image processor: with [`AutoImageProcessor`] or directly from a model-specific class.

<hfoptions id="image-processor-classes">
<hfoption id="AutoImageProcessor">

The [AutoClass](./model_doc/auto) API provides a convenient method to load an image processor without directly specifying the model the image processor is associated with.

Use [`~AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained`] with the `backend` argument to select the backend. When `backend` is omitted (the default), torchvision is picked when it is installed and PIL is used otherwise. Note that `backend="pil"` is only supported for older models; newer models only expose the torchvision backend.

> [!NOTE]
> A small set of older models (Chameleon, Flava, Idefics3, SmolVLM) use Lanczos interpolation. Their default backend depends on your torchvision version. With torchvision > 0.27, Lanczos is supported natively and these models default to torchvision. Older torchvision version falls back to BICUBIC, so the default is PIL to preserve the original outputs. Pass `backend="torchvision"` explicitly to override the default.

```py
from transformers import AutoImageProcessor

# Default: picks torchvision if available, otherwise pil
image_processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224")

# Explicitly request the torchvision backend
image_processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224", backend="torchvision")

# Explicitly request the PIL backend (only for models that support it)
image_processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224", backend="pil")
```

</hfoption>
<hfoption id="model-specific image processor">

Each image processor is associated with a specific pretrained vision model, and its configuration contains the model's expected size and normalization parameters.

Load the torchvision backend processor directly from the model-specific class.

```py
from transformers import ViTImageProcessor

image_processor = ViTImageProcessor.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224")
```

For models that support it, you can load the PIL backend with the `Pil`-suffixed class. This is useful when you need exact numerical parity with the original implementation.

```py
from transformers import ViTImageProcessorPil

image_processor = ViTImageProcessorPil.from_pretrained("google/vit-base-patch16-224")
```

</hfoption>
</hfoptions>

## Torchvision backend processors

[`TorchvisionBackend`] is the **default** backend. Make sure [torchvision](https://pytorch.org/get-started/locally/#mac-installation) is installed, then load it with `backend="torchvision"` (or simply omit `backend`, since torchvision is selected automatically when available).

```py
from transformers import AutoImageProcessor

processor = AutoImageProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/detr-resnet-50", backend="torchvision")
```

Control which device processing is performed on with the `device` argument. Processing is performed on the same device as the input by default if the inputs are tensors, otherwise it falls back to CPU. The example below runs processing on an accelerator.

```py
import torch
from torchvision.io import read_image
from transformers import DetrImageProcessor

device = torch.accelerator.current_accelerator().type if torch.accelerator.is_available() else "cpu"

images = read_image("image.jpg")
processor = DetrImageProcessor.from_pretrained("facebook/detr-resnet-50")
images_processed = processor(images, return_tensors="pt", device=device)
```

<details>
<summary>Benchmarks</summary>

The benchmarks are obtained from an [AWS EC2 g5.2xlarge](https://aws.amazon.com/ec2/instance-types/g5/) instance with a NVIDIA A10G Tensor Core GPU.

<div class="flex">
  <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/benchmark_results_full_pipeline_detr_fast_padded.png" />
</div>
<div class="flex">
  <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/benchmark_results_full_pipeline_detr_fast_batched_compiled.png" />
</div>
<div class="flex">
  <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/benchmark_results_full_pipeline_rt_detr_fast_single.png" />
</div>
<div class="flex">
  <img src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/transformers/benchmark_results_full_pipeline_rt_detr_fast_batched.png" />
</div>
</details>

## Preprocess

Transformers' vision models expects the input as PyTorch tensors of pixel values. An image processor handles the conversion of images to pixel values, which is represented by the batch size, number of channels, height, and width. To achieve this, an image is resized (center cropped) and the pixel values are normalized and rescaled to the models expected values.

Image preprocessing is not the same as *image augmentation*. Image augmentation makes changes (brightness, colors, rotatation, etc.) to an image for the purpose of either creating new training examples or prevent overfitting. Image preprocessing makes changes to an image for the purpose of matching a pretrained model's expected input format.

Typically, images are augmented (to increase performance) and then preprocessed before being passed to a model. You can use any library ([Albumentations](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/image_classification_albumentations.ipynb), [Kornia](https://colab.research.google.com/github/huggingface/notebooks/blob/main/examples/image_classification_kornia.ipynb)) for augmentation and an image processor for preprocessing.

This guide uses the torchvision [transforms](https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/transforms.html) module for augmentation.

Start by loading a small sample of the [food101](https://hf.co/datasets/food101) dataset.

```py
from datasets import load_dataset

dataset = load_dataset("ethz/food101", split="train[:100]")
```

From the [transforms](https://pytorch.org/vision/stable/transforms.html) module, use the [Compose](https://pytorch.org/vision/master/generated/torchvision.transforms.Compose.html) API to chain together [RandomResizedCrop](https://pytorch.org/vision/main/generated/torchvision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop.html) and [ColorJitter](https://pytorch.org/vision/main/generated/torchvision.transforms.ColorJitter.html). These transforms randomly crop and resize an image, and randomly adjusts an images colors.

The image size to randomly crop to can be retrieved from the image processor. For some models, an exact height and width are expected while for others, only the `shortest_edge` is required.

```py
from torchvision.transforms import RandomResizedCrop, ColorJitter, Compose

size = (
    image_processor.size["shortest_edge"]
    if "shortest_edge" in image_processor.size
    else (image_processor.size["height"], image_processor.size["width"])
)
_transforms = Compose([RandomResizedCrop(size), ColorJitter(brightness=0.5, hue=0.5)])
```

Apply the transforms to the images and convert them to the RGB format. Then pass the augmented images to the image processor to return the pixel values.

The `do_resize` parameter is set to `False` because the images have already been resized in the augmentation step by [RandomResizedCrop](https://pytorch.org/vision/main/generated/torchvision.transforms.RandomResizedCrop.html). If you don't augment the images, then the image processor automatically resizes and normalizes the images with the `image_mean` and `image_std` values. These values are found in the preprocessor configuration file.

```py
def transforms(examples):
    images = [_transforms(img.convert("RGB")) for img in examples["image"]]
    examples["pixel_values"] = image_processor(images, do_resize=False, return_tensors="pt")["pixel_values"]
    return examples
```

Apply the combined augmentation and preprocessing function to the entire dataset on the fly with [`~datasets.Dataset.set_transform`].

```py
dataset.set_transform(transforms)
```

Convert the pixel values back into an image to see how the image has been augmented and preprocessed.

```py
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

img = dataset[0]["pixel_values"]
plt.imshow(img.permute(1, 2, 0))
```

<div class="flex gap-4">
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/vision-preprocess-tutorial.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">before</figcaption>
  </div>
  <div>
    <img class="rounded-xl" src="https://huggingface.co/datasets/huggingface/documentation-images/resolve/main/preprocessed_image.png" />
    <figcaption class="mt-2 text-center text-sm text-gray-500">after</figcaption>
  </div>
</div>

For other vision tasks like object detection or segmentation, the image processor includes post-processing methods to convert a models raw output into meaningful predictions like bounding boxes or segmentation maps.

### Padding

Some models, like [DETR](./model_doc/detr), applies [scale augmentation](https://paperswithcode.com/method/image-scale-augmentation) during training which can cause images in a batch to have different sizes. Images with different sizes can't be batched together.

To fix this, pad the images with the special padding token `0`. Use the [pad](https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/blob/9578c2597e2d88b6f0b304b5a05864fd613ddcc1/src/transformers/models/detr/image_processing_detr.py#L1151) method to pad the images, and define a custom collate function to batch them together.

```py
def collate_fn(batch):
    pixel_values = [item["pixel_values"] for item in batch]
    encoding = image_processor.pad(pixel_values, return_tensors="pt")
    labels = [item["labels"] for item in batch]
    batch = {}
    batch["pixel_values"] = encoding["pixel_values"]
    batch["pixel_mask"] = encoding["pixel_mask"]
    batch["labels"] = labels
    return batch
```
