PEP: 536
Title: Final Grammar for Literal String Interpolation
Author: Philipp Angerer <phil.angerer@gmail.com>
Status: Withdrawn
Type: Standards Track
Created: 11-Dec-2016
Python-Version: 3.7
Post-History: `18-Aug-2016 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/FOYKXOFWEINPVQSK2XGEHKXSTEVO5WWA/>`__,
              `23-Dec-2016 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-ideas@python.org/thread/YKKEA5NIMMKHZTMRE5UFHST4WQ4NN3XJ/>`__,
              `15-Mar-2019 <https://mail.python.org/archives/list/python-dev@python.org/thread/N43O4KNLZW4U7YZC4NVPCETZIVRDUVU2/>`__
Resolution: https://discuss.python.org/t/pep-536-should-be-marked-as-rejected/35226/4

Abstract
========

:pep:`498` introduced Literal String Interpolation (or “f-strings”).
The expression portions of those literals however are subject to
certain restrictions.  This PEP proposes a formal grammar lifting
those restrictions, promoting “f-strings” to “f expressions” or f-literals.

This PEP expands upon the f-strings introduced by :pep:`498`,
so this text requires familiarity with :pep:`498`.

PEP Withdrawal
==============

This PEP has been withdrawn in favour of :pep:`701`.
:pep:`701` addresses all important points of this PEP.


Terminology
===========

This text will refer to the existing grammar as “f-strings”,
and the proposed one as “f-literals”.

Furthermore, it will refer to the ``{}``-delimited expressions in
f-literals/f-strings as “expression portions” and the static string content
around them as “string portions”.

Motivation
==========

The current implementation of f-strings in CPython relies on the existing
string parsing machinery and a post processing of its tokens.  This results in
several restrictions to the possible expressions usable within f-strings:

#. It is impossible to use the quote character delimiting the f-string
   within the expression portion::

    >>> f'Magic wand: { bag['wand'] }'
                                 ^
    SyntaxError: invalid syntax

#. A previously considered way around it would lead to escape sequences
   in executed code and is prohibited in f-strings::

    >>> f'Magic wand { bag[\'wand\'] } string'
    SyntaxError: f-string expression portion cannot include a backslash

#. Comments are forbidden even in multi-line f-strings::

    >>> f'''A complex trick: {
    ... bag['bag']  # recursive bags!
    ... }'''
    SyntaxError: f-string expression part cannot include '#'

#. Expression portions need to wrap ``':'`` and ``'!'`` in braces::

    >>> f'Useless use of lambdas: { lambda x: x*2 }'
    SyntaxError: unexpected EOF while parsing

These limitations serve no purpose from a language user perspective and
can be lifted by giving f-literals a regular grammar without exceptions
and implementing it using dedicated parse code.

Rationale
=========

.. https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-ideas/2016-August/041727.html

The restrictions mentioned in Motivation_ are non-obvious and counter-intuitive
unless the user is familiar with the f-literals’ implementation details.

As mentioned, a previous version of :pep:`498` allowed escape sequences
anywhere in f-strings, including as ways to encode the braces delimiting
the expression portions and in their code.  They would be expanded before
the code is parsed, which would have had several important ramifications:

#. It would not be clear to human readers which portions are Expressions
and which are strings.  Great material for an “obfuscated/underhanded
Python challenge”
#. Syntax highlighters are good in parsing nested grammar, but not
in recognizing escape sequences.  ECMAScript 2016 (JavaScript) allows
escape sequences in its identifiers [1]_ and the author knows of no
syntax highlighter able to correctly highlight code making use of this.

As a consequence, the expression portions would be harder to recognize
with and without the aid of syntax highlighting.  With the new grammar,
it is easy to extend syntax highlighters to correctly parse
and display f-literals:

.. raw:: html

   <pre><span style=color:#ff5500>f'Magic wand: </span><span style=color:#3daee9>{</span>bag[<span style=color:#bf0303>'wand'</span>]<span style=color:#3daee9>:^10}</span><span style=color:#ff5500>'</span></pre>

.. This is the output of kate-syntax-highlighter when given that code
   (with some quotes stripped)

Highlighting expression portions with possible escape sequences would
mean to create a modified copy of all rules of the complete expression
grammar, accounting for the possibility of escape sequences in key words,
delimiters, and all other language syntax. One such duplication would
yield one level of escaping depth and have to be repeated for a deeper
escaping in a recursive f-literal. This is the case since no highlighting
engine known to the author supports expanding escape sequences before
applying rules to a certain context. Nesting contexts however is a
standard feature of all highlighting engines.

Familiarity also plays a role: Arbitrary nesting of expressions
without expansion of escape sequences is available in every single
other language employing a string interpolation method that uses
expressions instead of just variable names. [2]_

Specification
=============

:pep:`498` specified f-strings as the following, but places restrictions on it::

    f ' <text> { <expression> <optional !s, !r, or !a> <optional : format specifier> } <text> ... '

All restrictions mentioned in the PEP are lifted from f-literals,
as explained below:

#. Expression portions may now contain strings delimited with the same
   kind of quote that is used to delimit the f-literal.
#. Backslashes may now appear within expressions just like anywhere else
   in Python code.  In case of strings nested within f-literals,
   escape sequences are expanded when the innermost string is evaluated.
#. Comments, using the ``'#'`` character, are possible only in multi-line
   f-literals, since comments are terminated by the end of the line
   (which makes closing a single-line f-literal impossible).
#. Expression portions may contain ``':'`` or ``'!'`` wherever
   syntactically valid.  The first ``':'`` or ``'!'`` that is not part
   of an expression has to be followed a valid coercion or format specifier.

A remaining restriction not explicitly mentioned by :pep:`498` is line breaks
in expression portions.  Since strings delimited by single ``'`` or ``"``
characters are expected to be single line, line breaks remain illegal
in expression portions of single line strings.

.. note:: Is lifting of the restrictions sufficient,
   or should we specify a more complete grammar?

Backwards Compatibility
=======================

f-literals are fully backwards compatible to f-strings,
and expands the syntax considered legal.

Reference Implementation
========================

TBD

References
==========

.. [1] ECMAScript ``IdentifierName`` specification
   ( http://ecma-international.org/ecma-262/6.0/#sec-names-and-keywords )

   Yes, ``const cthulhu = { H̹̙̦̮͉̩̗̗ͧ̇̏̊̾Eͨ͆͒̆ͮ̃͏̷̮̣̫̤̣Cͯ̂͐͏̨̛͔̦̟͈̻O̜͎͍͙͚̬̝̣̽ͮ͐͗̀ͤ̍̀͢M̴̡̲̭͍͇̼̟̯̦̉̒͠Ḛ̛̙̞̪̗ͥͤͩ̾͑̔͐ͅṮ̴̷̷̗̼͍̿̿̓̽͐H̙̙̔̄͜\u0042: 42 }`` is valid ECMAScript 2016

.. [2] Wikipedia article on string interpolation
   ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/String_interpolation )

Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.
