PEP: 353
Title: Using ssize_t as the index type
Author: Martin von Löwis <martin@v.loewis.de>
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Created: 18-Dec-2005
Python-Version: 2.5
Post-History:


Abstract
========

In Python 2.4, indices of sequences are restricted to the C type
int. On 64-bit machines, sequences therefore cannot use the full
address space, and are restricted to 2**31 elements. This PEP proposes
to change this, introducing a platform-specific index type
Py_ssize_t. An implementation of the proposed change is in
http://svn.python.org/projects/python/branches/ssize_t.


Rationale
=========

64-bit machines are becoming more popular, and the size of main memory
increases beyond 4GiB. On such machines, Python currently is limited,
in that sequences (strings, unicode objects, tuples, lists,
array.arrays, ...)  cannot contain more than 2GiElements.

Today, very few machines have memory to represent larger lists: as
each pointer is 8B (in a 64-bit machine), one needs 16GiB to just hold
the pointers of such a list; with data in the list, the memory
consumption grows even more.  However, there are three container types
for which users request improvements today:

* strings (currently restricted to 2GiB)
* mmap objects (likewise; plus the system typically
  won't keep the whole object in memory concurrently)
* Numarray objects (from Numerical Python)

As the proposed change will cause incompatibilities on 64-bit
machines, it should be carried out while such machines are not in wide
use (IOW, as early as possible).


Specification
=============

A new type Py_ssize_t is introduced, which has the same size as the
compiler's size_t type, but is signed. It will be a typedef for
ssize_t where available.

The internal representation of the length fields of all container
types is changed from int to ssize_t, for all types included in the
standard distribution.  In particular, PyObject_VAR_HEAD is changed to
use Py_ssize_t, affecting all extension modules that use that macro.

All occurrences of index and length parameters and results are changed
to use Py_ssize_t, including the sequence slots in type objects, and
the buffer interface.

New conversion functions PyInt_FromSsize_t and PyInt_AsSsize_t, are
introduced. PyInt_FromSsize_t will transparently return a long int
object if the value exceeds the LONG_MAX; PyInt_AsSsize_t will
transparently process long int objects.

New function pointer typedefs ssizeargfunc, ssizessizeargfunc,
ssizeobjargproc, ssizessizeobjargproc, and lenfunc are introduced. The
buffer interface function types are now called readbufferproc,
writebufferproc, segcountproc, and charbufferproc.

A new conversion code 'n' is introduced for PyArg_ParseTuple
Py_BuildValue, PyObject_CallFunction and PyObject_CallMethod.
This code operates on Py_ssize_t.

The conversion codes 's#' and 't#' will output Py_ssize_t
if the macro PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN is defined before Python.h
is included, and continue to output int if that macro
isn't defined.

At places where a conversion from size_t/Py_ssize_t to
int is necessary, the strategy for conversion is chosen
on a case-by-case basis (see next section).

To prevent loading extension modules that assume a 32-bit
size type into an interpreter that has a 64-bit size type,
Py_InitModule4 is renamed to Py_InitModule4_64.


Conversion guidelines
=====================

Module authors have the choice whether they support this PEP in their
code or not; if they support it, they have the choice of different
levels of compatibility.

If a module is not converted to support this PEP, it will continue to
work unmodified on a 32-bit system.  On a 64-bit system, compile-time
errors and warnings might be issued, and the module might crash the
interpreter if the warnings are ignored.

Conversion of a module can either attempt to continue using int
indices, or use Py_ssize_t indices throughout.

If the module should continue to use int indices, care must be taken
when calling functions that return Py_ssize_t or size_t, in
particular, for functions that return the length of an object (this
includes the strlen function and the sizeof operator). A good compiler
will warn when a Py_ssize_t/size_t value is truncated into an int.
In these cases, three strategies are available:

*  statically determine that the size can never exceed an int
   (e.g. when taking the sizeof a struct, or the strlen of
   a file pathname). In this case, write::

     some_int = Py_SAFE_DOWNCAST(some_value, Py_ssize_t, int);

   This will add an assertion in debug mode that the value
   really fits into an int, and just add a cast otherwise.

*  statically determine that the value shouldn't overflow an
   int unless there is a bug in the C code somewhere. Test
   whether the value is smaller than INT_MAX, and raise an
   InternalError if it isn't.
*  otherwise, check whether the value fits an int, and raise
   a ValueError if it doesn't.

The same care must be taken for tp_as_sequence slots, in
addition, the signatures of these slots change, and the
slots must be explicitly recast (e.g. from intargfunc
to ssizeargfunc). Compatibility with previous Python
versions can be achieved with the test::

 #if PY_VERSION_HEX < 0x02050000 && !defined(PY_SSIZE_T_MIN)
 typedef int Py_ssize_t;
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_MAX INT_MAX
 #define PY_SSIZE_T_MIN INT_MIN
 #endif

and then using Py_ssize_t in the rest of the code. For
the tp_as_sequence slots, additional typedefs might
be necessary; alternatively, by replacing::

 PyObject* foo_item(struct MyType* obj, int index)
 {
   ...
 }

with::

 PyObject* foo_item(PyObject* _obj, Py_ssize_t index)
 {
    struct MyType* obj = (struct MyType*)_obj;
    ...
 }

it becomes possible to drop the cast entirely; the type
of foo_item should then match the sq_item slot in all
Python versions.

If the module should be extended to use Py_ssize_t indices, all usages
of the type int should be reviewed, to see whether it should be
changed to Py_ssize_t. The compiler will help in finding the spots,
but a manual review is still necessary.

Particular care must be taken for PyArg_ParseTuple calls:
they need all be checked for s# and t# converters, and
PY_SSIZE_T_CLEAN must be defined before including Python.h
if the calls have been updated accordingly.

Fredrik Lundh has written a scanner_ which checks the code
of a C module for usage of APIs whose signature has changed.

.. _scanner: http://svn.effbot.python-hosting.com/stuff/sandbox/python/ssizecheck.py


Discussion
==========

Why not size_t
--------------

An initial attempt to implement this feature tried to use
size_t. It quickly turned out that this cannot work: Python
uses negative indices in many places (to indicate counting
from the end). Even in places where size_t would be usable,
too many reformulations of code where necessary, e.g. in
loops like::

  for(index = length-1; index >= 0; index--)

This loop will never terminate if index is changed from
int to size_t.

Why not Py_intptr_t
-------------------

Conceptually, Py_intptr_t and Py_ssize_t are different things:
Py_intptr_t needs to be the same size as void*, and Py_ssize_t
the same size as size_t. These could differ, e.g. on machines
where pointers have segment and offset. On current flat-address
space machines, there is no difference, so for all practical
purposes, Py_intptr_t would have worked as well.

Doesn't this break much code?
-----------------------------

With the changes proposed, code breakage is fairly
minimal. On a 32-bit system, no code will break, as
Py_ssize_t is just a typedef for int.

On a 64-bit system, the compiler will warn in many
places. If these warnings are ignored, the code will
continue to work as long as the container sizes don't
exceed 2**31, i.e. it will work nearly as good as
it does currently. There are two exceptions to this
statement: if the extension module implements the
sequence protocol, it must be updated, or the calling
conventions will be wrong. The other exception is
the places where Py_ssize_t is output through a
pointer (rather than a return value); this applies
most notably to codecs and slice objects.

If the conversion of the code is made, the same code
can continue to work on earlier Python releases.

Doesn't this consume too much memory?
-------------------------------------

One might think that using Py_ssize_t in all tuples,
strings, lists, etc. is a waste of space. This is
not true, though: on a 32-bit machine, there is no
change. On a 64-bit machine, the size of many
containers doesn't change, e.g.

* in lists and tuples, a pointer immediately follows
  the ob_size member. This means that the compiler
  currently inserts a 4 padding bytes; with the
  change, these padding bytes become part of the size.
* in strings, the ob_shash field follows ob_size.
  This field is of type long, which is a 64-bit
  type on most 64-bit systems (except Win64), so
  the compiler inserts padding before it as well.

Open Issues
===========

* Marc-Andre Lemburg commented that complete backwards
  compatibility with existing source code should be
  preserved. In particular, functions that have
  Py_ssize_t* output arguments should continue to run
  correctly even if the callers pass int*.

  It is not clear what strategy could be used to implement
  that requirement.


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.
