PEP: 3108
Title: Standard Library Reorganization
Author: Brett Cannon <brett@python.org>
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Created: 01-Jan-2007
Python-Version: 3.0
Post-History: 28-Apr-2008

.. note::
   The merging of profile/cProfile as of Python 3.3 did not
   occur, and thus is considered abandoned (although it would be
   acceptable to do in the future).

Abstract
========

Just like the language itself, Python's standard library (stdlib) has
grown over the years to be very rich.  But over time some modules
have lost their need to be included with Python.  There has also been
an introduction of a naming convention for modules since Python's
inception that not all modules follow.

Python 3.0 presents a chance to remove modules that do not have
long term usefulness.  This chance also allows for the renaming of
modules so that they follow the :pep:`Python style guide <8>`.  This
PEP lists modules that should not be included in Python 3.0 or which
need to be renamed.


Modules to Remove
=================

Guido pronounced that "silly old stuff" is to be deleted from the
stdlib for Py3K [#silly-old-stuff]_.  This is open-ended on purpose.
Each module to be removed needs to have a justification as to why it
should no longer be distributed with Python.  This can range from the
module being deprecated in Python 2.x to being for a platform that is
no longer widely used.

This section of the PEP lists the various modules to be removed. Each
subsection represents a different reason for modules to be
removed.  Each module must have a specific justification on top of
being listed in a specific subsection so as to make sure only modules
that truly deserve to be removed are in fact removed.

When a reason mentions how long it has been since a module has been
"uniquely edited", it is in reference to how long it has been since a
checkin was done specifically for the module and not for a change that
applied universally across the entire stdlib.  If an edit time is not
denoted as "unique" then it is the last time the file was edited,
period.


Previously deprecated [done]
----------------------------

:pep:`4` lists all modules that have been deprecated in the stdlib.
The specified motivations mirror those listed in
:pep:`4`. All modules listed
in the PEP at the time of the first alpha release of Python 3.0 will
be removed.

The entire contents of lib-old will also be removed.  These modules
have already been removed from being imported but are kept in the
distribution for Python for users that rely upon the code.

* cfmfile

  + Documented as deprecated since Python 2.4 without an explicit
    reason.

* cl

  + Documented as obsolete since Python 2.0 or earlier.
  + Interface to SGI hardware.

* md5

  + Supplanted by the ``hashlib`` module.

* mimetools

  + Documented as obsolete in a previous version.
  + Supplanted by the ``email`` package.

* MimeWriter

  + Supplanted by the ``email`` package.

* mimify

  + Supplanted by the ``email`` package.

* multifile

  + Supplanted by the ``email`` package.

* posixfile

  + Locking is better done by ``fcntl.lockf()``.

* rfc822

  + Supplanted by the ``email`` package.

* sha

  + Supplanted by the ``hashlib`` package.

* sv

  + Documented as obsolete since Python 2.0 or earlier.
  + Interface to obsolete SGI Indigo hardware.

* timing

  + Documented as obsolete since Python 2.0 or earlier.
  + ``time.clock()`` gives better time resolution.


Platform-specific with minimal use [done]
------------------------------------------

Python supports many platforms, some of which are not widely used or
maintained.
And on some of these platforms there are modules that have limited use
to people on those platforms.  Because of their limited usefulness it
would be better to no longer burden the Python development team with
their maintenance.

The modules mentioned below are documented. All undocumented modules
for the specified platforms will also be removed.

IRIX
////

The IRIX operating system is no longer produced [#irix-retirement]_.
Removing all modules from the plat-irix[56] directory has been deemed
reasonable because of this fact.

+ AL/al

  - Provides sound support on Indy and Indigo workstations.
  - Both workstations are no longer available.
  - Code has not been uniquely edited in three years.

+ cd/CD

  - CD drive control for SGI systems.
  - SGI no longer sells machines with IRIX on them.
  - Code has not been uniquely edited in 14 years.

+ cddb

  - Undocumented.

+ cdplayer

  - Undocumented.

+ cl/CL/CL_old

  - Compression library for SGI systems.
  - SGI no longer sells machines with IRIX on them.
  - Code has not been uniquely edited in 14 years.

+ DEVICE/GL/gl/cgen/cgensuport

  - GL access, which is the predecessor to OpenGL.
  - Has not been edited in at least eight years.
  - Third-party libraries provide better support (PyOpenGL [#pyopengl]_).

+ ERRNO

  - Undocumented.

+ FILE

  - Undocumented.

+ FL/fl/flp

  - Wrapper for the FORMS library [#irix-forms]_
  - FORMS has not been edited in 12 years.
  - Library is not widely used.
  - First eight hits on Google are for Python docs for fl.

+ fm

  - Wrapper to the IRIS Font Manager library.
  - Only available on SGI machines which no longer come with IRIX.

+ GET

  - Undocumented.

+ GLWS

  - Undocumented.

+ imgfile

  - Wrapper for SGI libimage library for imglib image files
    (``.rgb`` files).
  - Python Imaging Library provides read-only support [#pil]_.
  - Not uniquely edited in 13 years.

+ IN

  - Undocumented.

+ IOCTL

  - Undocumented.

+ jpeg

  - Wrapper for JPEG (de)compressor.
  - Code not uniquely edited in nine years.
  - Third-party libraries provide better support
    (Python Imaging Library [#pil]_).

+ panel

  - Undocumented.

+ panelparser

  - Undocumented.

+ readcd

  - Undocumented.

+ SV

  - Undocumented.

+ torgb

  - Undocumented.

+ WAIT

  - Undocumented.


Mac-specific modules
////////////////////

The Mac-specific modules are not well-maintained (e.g., the bgen
tool used to auto-generate many of the modules has never been
updated to support UCS-4). It is also not Python's place to maintain
such a large amount of OS-specific modules. Thus all modules under
``Lib/plat-mac`` and ``Mac`` are to be removed.

A stub module for proxy access will be provided for use by urllib.

* _builtinSuites

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* Audio_mac

  - Undocumented.

* aepack

  - OSA support is better through third-party modules.

    * Appscript [#appscript]_.

  - Hard-coded endianness which breaks on Intel Macs.
  - Might need to rename if Carbon package dependent.

* aetools

  - See aepack.

* aetypes

  - See aepack.

* applesingle

  - Undocumented.
  - AppleSingle is a binary file format for A/UX.
  - A/UX no longer distributed.

* appletrawmain

  - Undocumented.

* appletrunner

  - Undocumented.

* argvemulator

  - Undocumented.

* autoGIL

  - Very bad model for using Python with the CFRunLoop.

* bgenlocations

  - Undocumented.

* buildtools

  - Documented as deprecated since Python 2.3 without an explicit
    reason.

* bundlebuilder

  - Undocumented.

* Carbon

  - Carbon development has stopped.
  - Does not support 64-bit systems completely.
  - Dependent on bgen which has never been updated to support UCS-4
    Unicode builds of Python.

* CodeWarrior

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* ColorPicker

  - Better to use Cocoa for GUIs.

* EasyDialogs

  - Better to use Cocoa for GUIs.

* Explorer

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* Finder

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* findertools

  - No longer useful.

* FrameWork

  - Poorly documented.
  - Not updated to support Carbon Events.

* gensuitemodule

  - See aepack.

* ic

* icglue

* icopen

  - Not needed on OS X.
  - Meant to replace 'open' which is usually a bad thing to do.

* macerrors

  - Undocumented.

* MacOS

  - Would also mean the removal of binhex.

* macostools

* macresource

  - Undocumented.

* MiniAEFrame

  - See aepack.

* Nav

  - Undocumented.

* Netscape

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* OSATerminology

* pimp

  - Undocumented.

* PixMapWrapper

  - Undocumented.

* StdSuites

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* SystemEvents

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* Terminal

  - Undocumented.
  - Package under lib-scriptpackages.

* terminalcommand

  - Undocumented.

* videoreader

  - No longer used.

* W

  - No longer distributed with Python.


.. _PyObjC: http://pyobjc.sourceforge.net/


Solaris
///////

+ SUNAUDIODEV/sunaudiodev

  - Access to the sound card on Sun machines.
  - Code not uniquely edited in over eight years.


Hardly used [done]
------------------

Some platform-independent modules are rarely used.  There are a number of
possible explanations for this, including, ease of reimplementation, very
small audience or lack of adherence to more modern standards.

* audiodev

  + Undocumented.
  + Not edited in five years.

* imputil

  + Undocumented.
  + Never updated to support absolute imports.

* mutex

  + Easy to implement using a semaphore and a queue.
  + Cannot block on a lock attempt.
  + Not uniquely edited since its addition 15 years ago.
  + Only useful with the 'sched' module.
  + Not thread-safe.

* stringold

  + Function versions of the methods on string objects.
  + Obsolete since Python 1.6.
  + Any functionality not in the string object or module will be moved
    to the string module (mostly constants).

* sunaudio

  + Undocumented.
  + Not edited in over seven years.
  + The ``sunau`` module provides similar abilities.

* toaiff

  + Undocumented.
  + Requires ``sox`` library to be installed on the system.

* user

  + Easily handled by allowing the application specify its own
    module name, check for existence, and import if found.

* new

  + Just a rebinding of names from the 'types' module.
  + Can also call ``type`` built-in to get most types easily.
  + Docstring states the module is no longer useful as of revision
    27241 (2002-06-15).

* pure

  + Written before Pure Atria was bought by Rational which was then
    bought by IBM (in other words, very old).

* test.testall

  + From the days before regrtest.


Obsolete
--------

Becoming obsolete signifies that either another module in the stdlib
or a widely distributed third-party library provides a better solution
for what the module is meant for.

* Bastion/rexec [done]

  + Restricted execution / security.
  + Turned off in Python 2.3.
  + Modules deemed unsafe.

* bsddb185 [done]

  + Superseded by bsddb3
  + Not built by default.
  + Documentation specifies that the "module should never be used
    directly in new code".
  + Available externally from PyPI_.

* Canvas [done]

  + Marked as obsolete in a comment by Guido since 2000
    (see http://bugs.python.org/issue210677).
  + Better to use the ``Tkinter.Canvas`` class.

* commands [done]

  + subprocess module replaces it (:pep:`324`).
  + Remove getstatus(), move rest to subprocess.

* compiler [done]

  + Having to maintain both the built-in compiler and the stdlib
    package is redundant [#ast-removal]_.
  + The AST created by the compiler is available [#ast]_.
  + Mechanism to compile from an AST needs to be added.

* dircache [done]

  + Negligible use.
  + Easily replicated.

* dl [done]

  + ctypes provides better support for same functionality.

* fpformat [done]

  + All functionality is supported by string interpolation.

* htmllib [done]

  + Superseded by HTMLParser.

* ihooks [done]

  + Undocumented.
  + For use with rexec which has been turned off since Python 2.3.

* imageop [done]

  + Better support by third-party libraries
    (Python Imaging Library [#pil]_).
  + Unit tests relied on rgbimg and imgfile.
        - rgbimg was removed in Python 2.6.
        - imgfile slated for removal in this PEP.

* linuxaudiodev [done]

  + Replaced by ossaudiodev.

* mhlib [done]

  + Should be removed as an individual module; use ``mailbox``
    instead.

* popen2 [done]

  + subprocess module replaces it (:pep:`324`).

* sgmllib [done]

  + Does not fully parse SGML.
  + In the stdlib for support to htmllib which is slated for removal.

* sre [done]

  + Previously deprecated; import ``re`` instead.

* stat [TODO need to move all uses over to ``os.stat()``]

  + ``os.stat()`` now returns a tuple with attributes.
  + Functions in the module should be made into methods for the object
    returned by os.stat.

* statvfs [done]

  + ``os.statvfs`` now returns a tuple with attributes.

* thread [done]

  + People should use 'threading' instead.

    - Rename 'thread' to _thread.
    - Deprecate dummy_thread and rename _dummy_thread.
    - Move thread.get_ident over to threading.

  + Guido has previously supported the deprecation
    [#thread-deprecation]_.

* urllib [done]

  + Superseded by urllib2.
  + Functionality unique to urllib will be kept in the
    urllib package.

* UserDict [done: 3.0] [TODO handle 2.6]

  + Not as useful since types can be a superclass.
  + Useful bits moved to the 'collections' module.

* UserList/UserString [done]

  + Not useful since types can be a superclass.
  + Moved to the 'collections' module.


Maintenance Burden
------------------

Over the years, certain modules have become a heavy burden upon
python-dev to maintain. In situations like this, it is better for the
module to be given to the community to maintain to free python-dev to
focus more on language support and other modules in the standard
library that do not take up an undue amount of time and effort.

* bsddb3

  + Externally maintained at
    http://www.jcea.es/programacion/pybsddb.htm .
  + Consistent testing instability.
  + Berkeley DB follows a different release schedule than Python,
    leading to the bindings not necessarily being in sync with what is
    available.


Modules to Rename
=================

Many modules existed in
the stdlib before :pep:`8` came into existence.  This has
led to some naming inconsistencies and namespace bloat that should be
addressed.


PEP 8 violations [done]
------------------------

:pep:`8` specifies that modules "should have short, all-lowercase names"
where "underscores can be used ... if it improves readability".
The use of underscores is discouraged in package names.
The following modules violate :pep:`8` and are not somehow being renamed
by being moved to a package.

==================  ==================================================
Current Name        Replacement Name
==================  ==================================================
_winreg             winreg
ConfigParser        configparser
copy_reg            copyreg
Queue               queue
SocketServer        socketserver
==================  ==================================================


Merging C and Python implementations of the same interface
----------------------------------------------------------

Several interfaces have both a Python and C implementation.  While it
is great to have a C implementation for speed with a Python
implementation as fallback, there is no need to expose the two
implementations independently in the stdlib.  For Python 3.0 all
interfaces with two implementations will be merged into a single
public interface.

The C module is to be given a leading underscore to delineate the fact
that it is not the reference implementation (the Python implementation
is).  This means that any semantic difference between the C and Python
versions must be dealt with before Python 3.0 or else the C
implementation will be removed until it can be fixed.

One interface that is not listed below is xml.etree.ElementTree.  This
is an externally maintained module and thus is not under the direct
control of the Python development team for renaming.  See `Open
Issues`_ for a discussion on this.

* pickle/cPickle [done]

  + Rename cPickle to _pickle.
  + Semantic completeness of C implementation *not* verified.

* profile/cProfile [TODO]

  + Rename cProfile to _profile.
  + Semantic completeness of C implementation *not* verified.

* StringIO/cStringIO [done]

  + Add the class to the 'io' module.


No public, documented interface [done]
--------------------------------------

There are several modules in the stdlib that have no defined public
interface.  These modules exist as support code for other modules that
are exposed.  Because they are not meant to be used directly they
should be renamed to reflect this fact.

============  ===============================
Current Name  Replacement Name
============  ===============================
markupbase    _markupbase
============  ===============================


Poorly chosen names [done]
---------------------------

A few modules have names that were poorly chosen in hindsight.  They
should be renamed so as to prevent their bad name from perpetuating
beyond the 2.x series.

=================  ===============================
Current Name       Replacement Name
=================  ===============================
repr               reprlib
test.test_support  test.support
=================  ===============================


Grouping of modules [done]
--------------------------

As the stdlib has grown, several areas within it have expanded to
include multiple modules (e.g., support for database files). It
thus makes sense to group related modules into packages.


dbm package
///////////

=================  ===============================
Current Name       Replacement Name
=================  ===============================
anydbm             dbm.__init__ [1]_
dbhash             dbm.bsd
dbm                dbm.ndbm
dumbdm             dbm.dumb
gdbm               dbm.gnu
whichdb            dbm.__init__ [1]_
=================  ===============================


.. [1] ``dbm.__init__`` can combine ``anybdbm`` and ``whichdb`` since
       the public API for both modules has no name conflict and the
       two modules have closely related usage.



html package
////////////

==================  ===============================
Current Name        Replacement Name
==================  ===============================
HTMLParser          html.parser
htmlentitydefs      html.entities
==================  ===============================


http package
////////////

=================  ===============================
Current Name       Replacement Name
=================  ===============================
httplib            http.client
BaseHTTPServer     http.server [2]_
CGIHTTPServer      http.server [2]_
SimpleHTTPServer   http.server [2]_
Cookie             http.cookies
cookielib          http.cookiejar
=================  ===============================

.. [2] The ``http.server`` module can combine the specified modules
       safely as they have no naming conflicts.


tkinter package
///////////////

==================  ===============================
Current Name        Replacement Name
==================  ===============================
Dialog              tkinter.dialog
FileDialog          tkinter.filedialog [4]_
FixTk               tkinter._fix
ScrolledText        tkinter.scrolledtext
SimpleDialog        tkinter.simpledialog [5]_
Tix                 tkinter.tix
Tkconstants         tkinter.constants
Tkdnd               tkinter.dnd
Tkinter             tkinter.__init__
tkColorChooser      tkinter.colorchooser
tkCommonDialog      tkinter.commondialog
tkFileDialog        tkinter.filedialog [4]_
tkFont              tkinter.font
tkMessageBox        tkinter.messagebox
tkSimpleDialog      tkinter.simpledialog [5]_
turtle              tkinter.turtle
==================  ===============================

.. [4] ``tkinter.filedialog`` can safely combine ``FileDialog`` and
       ``tkFileDialog`` as there are no naming conflicts.

.. [5] ``tkinter.simpledialog`` can safely combine ``SimpleDialog``
       and ``tkSimpleDialog`` have no naming conflicts.


urllib package
//////////////

Originally this new package was to be named ``url``, but because of
the common use of the name as a variable, it has been deemed better
to keep the name ``urllib`` and instead shift existing modules around
into a new package.

==================  ================================================
Current Name        Replacement Name
==================  ================================================
urllib2             urllib.request, urllib.error
urlparse            urllib.parse
urllib              urllib.parse, urllib.request, urllib.error [6]_
robotparser         urllib.robotparser
==================  ================================================

.. [6] The quoting-related functions from ``urllib`` will be added
       to ``urllib.parse``. ``urllib.URLOpener`` and
       ``urllib.FancyUrlOpener`` will be added to ``urllib.request``
       as long as the documentation for both modules is updated.


xmlrpc package
//////////////

==================  ===============================
Current Name        Replacement Name
==================  ===============================
xmlrpclib           xmlrpc.client
DocXMLRPCServer     xmlrpc.server [3]_
SimpleXMLRPCServer  xmlrpc.server [3]_
==================  ===============================

.. [3] The modules being combined into ``xmlrpc.server`` have no
       naming conflicts and thus can safely be merged.


Transition Plan
===============

Issues
-------

Issues related to this PEP:

* `Issue 2775`_: Master tracking issue
* `Issue 2828`_: clean up undoc.rst

.. _Issue 2775: http://bugs.python.org/issue2775
.. _Issue 2828: http://bugs.python.org/issue2828


For modules to be removed
-------------------------

For module removals, it is easiest to remove the module first in
Python 3.0 to see where dependencies exist. This makes finding
code that (possibly) requires the suppression of the
DeprecationWarning easier.


In Python 3.0
/////////////

#. Remove the module.

#. Remove related tests.

#. Remove all documentation (typically the module's documentation
   file and its entry in a file for the Library Reference).

#. Edit ``Modules/Setup.dist`` and ``setup.py`` if needed.

#. Run the regression test suite (using ``-uall``); watch out for
   tests that are skipped because an import failed for the removed
   module.

#. Check in the change (with an appropriate ``Misc/NEWS`` entry).

#. Update this PEP noting that the 3.0 step is done.


In Python 2.6
/////////////

#. Add the following code to the deprecated module if it is
   implemented in Python as the first piece of executed code
   (adjusting the module name and the ``warnings`` import and
   needed)::

     from warnings import warnpy3k
     warnpy3k("the XXX module has been removed in Python 3.0",
              stacklevel=2)
     del warnpy3k

   or the following if it is an extension module::

     if (PyErr_WarnPy3k("the XXX module has been removed in "
                        "Python 3.0", 2) < 0)
         return;

   (the Python-Dev TextMate bundle, available from ``Misc/TextMate``,
   contains a command that will generate all of this for you).

#. Update the documentation. For modules with their own documentation
   file, use the ``:deprecated:`` option with the ``module`` directive
   along with the ``deprecated`` directive, stating the deprecation
   is occurring in 2.6, but is for the module's removal in 3.0.::

     .. deprecated:: 2.6
        The :mod:`XXX` module has been removed in Python 3.0.

   For modules simply listed in a file (e.g., ``undoc.rst``), use the
   ``warning`` directive.

#. Add the module to the module deletion test in ``test_py3kwarn``.

#. Suppress the warning in the module's test code using
    ``test.test_support.import_module(name, deprecated=True)``.

#. Check in the change w/ appropriate ``Misc/NEWS`` entry (**block**
   this checkin in ``py3k``!).

#. Update this PEP noting that the 2.6 step is done.


Renaming of modules
-------------------

Support in the 2to3 refactoring tool for renames will be used to help
people transition to new module names
[#2to3]_.  Import statements will be rewritten so that only the import
statement and none of the rest of the code needs to be touched.  This
will be accomplished by using the ``as`` keyword in import statements
to bind in the module namespace to the old name while importing based
on the new name (when the keyword is not already used, otherwise the
reassigned name should be left alone and only the module that is
imported needs to be changed). The ``fix_imports`` fixer is an
example of how to approach this.


Python 3.0
//////////

#. Update 2to3 in the sandbox to support the rename.

#. Use ``svn move`` to rename the module.

#. Update all import statements in the stdlib to use the new name
   (use 2to3's ``fix_imports`` fixer for the easiest solution).

#. Rename the module in its own documentation.

#. Update all references in the documentation from the old name to
   the new name.

#. Run ``regrtest.py -uall`` to verify the rename worked.

#. Add an entry in ``Misc/NEWS``.

#. Commit the changes.


Python 2.6
//////////

#. In the module's documentation, add a note mentioning that the module is
   renamed in Python 3.0::

     .. note::
        The :mod:`OLDNAME` module has been renamed to :mod:`NEWNAME` in
        Python 3.0.

#. Commit the documentation change.

#. Block the revision in py3k.


Open Issues
===========

Renaming of modules maintained outside of the stdlib
----------------------------------------------------

xml.etree.ElementTree not only does not meet :pep:`8` naming standards
but it also has an exposed C implementation.  It is an
externally maintained package, though :pep:`360`.  A request will be
made for the maintainer to change the name so that it matches :pep:`8`
and hides the C implementation.


Rejected Ideas
==============

Modules that were originally suggested for removal
--------------------------------------------------

* asynchat/asyncore

  + Josiah Carlson has said he will maintain the modules.

* audioop/sunau/aifc

  + Audio modules where the formats are still used.

* base64/quopri/uu

  + All still widely used.
  + 'codecs' module does not provide as nice of an API for basic
    usage.

* fileinput

  + Useful when having to work with stdin.

* linecache

  + Used internally in several places.

* nis

  + Testimonials from people that new installations of NIS are still
    occurring

* getopt

  + Simpler than optparse.

* repr

  + Useful as a basis for overriding.
  + Used internally.

* sched

  + Useful for simulations.

* symtable/_symtable

  + Docs were written.

* telnetlib

  + Really handy for quick-and-dirty remote access.
  + Some hardware supports using telnet for configuration and
    querying.

* Tkinter

  + Would prevent IDLE from existing.
  + No GUI toolkit would be available out of the box.


Introducing a new top-level package
-----------------------------------

It has been suggested that the entire stdlib be placed within its own
package.  This PEP will not address this issue as it has its own
design issues (naming, does it deserve special consideration in import
semantics, etc.).  Everything within this PEP can easily be handled if
a new top-level package is introduced.


Introducing new packages to contain theme-related modules
---------------------------------------------------------

During the writing of this PEP it was noticed that certain themes
appeared in the stdlib.  In the past people have suggested introducing
new packages to help collect modules that share a similar theme (e.g.,
audio).  An Open Issue was created to suggest some new packages to
introduce.

In the end, though, not enough support could be pulled together to
warrant moving forward with the idea.  Instead name simplification has
been chosen as the guiding force for PEPs to create.


References
==========

.. [#silly-old-stuff] Python-Dev email: "Py3k release schedule worries"
    (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-3000/2006-December/005130.html)

.. [#thread-deprecation] Python-Dev email: Autoloading?
    (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2005-October/057244.html)

.. [#2to3] 2to3 refactoring tool
    (http://svn.python.org/view/sandbox/trunk/2to3/)

.. [#pyopengl] PyOpenGL
    (http://pyopengl.sourceforge.net/)

.. [#pil] Python Imaging Library (PIL)
    (http://www.pythonware.com/products/pil/)

.. [#irix-retirement] SGI Press Release:
    End of General Availability for MIPS IRIX Products -- December 2006
    (http://www.sgi.com/support/mips_irix.html)

.. [#irix-forms] FORMS Library by Mark Overmars
    (ftp://ftp.cs.ruu.nl/pub/SGI/FORMS)

.. [#appscript] appscript
    (http://appscript.sourceforge.net/)

.. [#ast] _ast module
    (http://docs.python.org/library/ast.html)

.. [#ast-removal] python-dev email: getting compiler package failures
    (https://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-3000/2007-May/007615.html)


.. _PyPI: http://pypi.python.org/


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