PEP: 358
Title: The "bytes" Object
Author: Neil Schemenauer <nas@arctrix.com>, Guido van Rossum <guido@python.org>
Status: Final
Type: Standards Track
Created: 15-Feb-2006
Python-Version: 2.6, 3.0
Post-History:


Update
======

This PEP has partially been superseded by :pep:`3137`.


Abstract
========

This PEP outlines the introduction of a raw bytes sequence type.
Adding the bytes type is one step in the transition to
Unicode-based str objects which will be introduced in Python 3.0.

The PEP describes how the bytes type should work in Python 2.6, as
well as how it should work in Python 3.0.  (Occasionally there are
differences because in Python 2.6, we have two string types, str
and unicode, while in Python 3.0 we will only have one string
type, whose name will be str but whose semantics will be like the
2.6 unicode type.)


Motivation
==========

Python's current string objects are overloaded.  They serve to hold
both sequences of characters and sequences of bytes.  This
overloading of purpose leads to confusion and bugs.  In future
versions of Python, string objects will be used for holding
character data.  The bytes object will fulfil the role of a byte
container.  Eventually the unicode type will be renamed to str
and the old str type will be removed.


Specification
=============

A bytes object stores a mutable sequence of integers that are in
the range 0 to 255.  Unlike string objects, indexing a bytes
object returns an integer.  Assigning or comparing an object that
is not an integer to an element causes a ``TypeError`` exception.
Assigning an element to a value outside the range 0 to 255 causes
a ``ValueError`` exception.  The ``.__len__()`` method of bytes returns
the number of integers stored in the sequence (i.e. the number of
bytes).

The constructor of the bytes object has the following signature::

    bytes([initializer[, encoding]])

If no arguments are provided then a bytes object containing zero
elements is created and returned.  The initializer argument can be
a string (in 2.6, either str or unicode), an iterable of integers,
or a single integer.  The pseudo-code for the constructor
(optimized for clear semantics, not for speed) is::

    def bytes(initializer=0, encoding=None):
        if isinstance(initializer, int): # In 2.6, int -> (int, long)
            initializer = [0]*initializer
        elif isinstance(initializer, basestring):
            if isinstance(initializer, unicode): # In 3.0, "if True"
                if encoding is None:
                    # In 3.0, raise TypeError("explicit encoding required")
                    encoding = sys.getdefaultencoding()
                initializer = initializer.encode(encoding)
            initializer = [ord(c) for c in initializer]
        else:
            if encoding is not None:
                raise TypeError("no encoding allowed for this initializer")
            tmp = []
            for c in initializer:
                if not isinstance(c, int):
                    raise TypeError("initializer must be iterable of ints")
                if not 0 <= c < 256:
                    raise ValueError("initializer element out of range")
                tmp.append(c)
            initializer = tmp
        new = <new bytes object of length len(initializer)>
        for i, c in enumerate(initializer):
            new[i] = c
        return new

The ``.__repr__()`` method returns a string that can be evaluated to
generate a new bytes object containing a bytes literal::

    >>> bytes([10, 20, 30])
    b'\n\x14\x1e'

The object has a ``.decode()`` method equivalent to the ``.decode()``
method of the str object.  The object has a classmethod ``.fromhex()``
that takes a string of characters from the set ``[0-9a-fA-F ]`` and
returns a bytes object (similar to ``binascii.unhexlify``).  For
example::

    >>> bytes.fromhex('5c5350ff')
    b'\\SP\xff'
    >>> bytes.fromhex('5c 53 50 ff')
    b'\\SP\xff'

The object has a ``.hex()`` method that does the reverse conversion
(similar to ``binascii.hexlify``)::

    >> bytes([92, 83, 80, 255]).hex()
    '5c5350ff'

The bytes object has some methods similar to list methods, and
others similar to str methods.  Here is a complete list of
methods, with their approximate signatures::

    .__add__(bytes) -> bytes
    .__contains__(int | bytes) -> bool
    .__delitem__(int | slice) -> None
    .__delslice__(int, int) -> None
    .__eq__(bytes) -> bool
    .__ge__(bytes) -> bool
    .__getitem__(int | slice) -> int | bytes
    .__getslice__(int, int) -> bytes
    .__gt__(bytes) -> bool
    .__iadd__(bytes) -> bytes
    .__imul__(int) -> bytes
    .__iter__() -> iterator
    .__le__(bytes) -> bool
    .__len__() -> int
    .__lt__(bytes) -> bool
    .__mul__(int) -> bytes
    .__ne__(bytes) -> bool
    .__reduce__(...) -> ...
    .__reduce_ex__(...) -> ...
    .__repr__() -> str
    .__reversed__() -> bytes
    .__rmul__(int) -> bytes
    .__setitem__(int | slice, int | iterable[int]) -> None
    .__setslice__(int, int, iterable[int]) -> Bote
    .append(int) -> None
    .count(int) -> int
    .decode(str) -> str | unicode # in 3.0, only str
    .endswith(bytes) -> bool
    .extend(iterable[int]) -> None
    .find(bytes) -> int
    .index(bytes | int) -> int
    .insert(int, int) -> None
    .join(iterable[bytes]) -> bytes
    .partition(bytes) -> (bytes, bytes, bytes)
    .pop([int]) -> int
    .remove(int) -> None
    .replace(bytes, bytes) -> bytes
    .rindex(bytes | int) -> int
    .rpartition(bytes) -> (bytes, bytes, bytes)
    .split(bytes) -> list[bytes]
    .startswith(bytes) -> bool
    .reverse() -> None
    .rfind(bytes) -> int
    .rindex(bytes | int) -> int
    .rsplit(bytes) -> list[bytes]
    .translate(bytes, [bytes]) -> bytes

Note the conspicuous absence of ``.isupper()``, ``.upper()``, and friends.
(But see "Open Issues" below.)  There is no ``.__hash__()`` because
the object is mutable.  There is no use case for a ``.sort()`` method.

The bytes type also supports the buffer interface, supporting
reading and writing binary (but not character) data.


Out of Scope Issues
===================

* Python 3k will have a much different I/O subsystem.  Deciding
  how that I/O subsystem will work and interact with the bytes
  object is out of the scope of this PEP.  The expectation however
  is that binary I/O will read and write bytes, while text I/O
  will read strings.  Since the bytes type supports the buffer
  interface, the existing binary I/O operations in Python 2.6 will
  support bytes objects.

* It has been suggested that a special method named ``.__bytes__()``
  be added to the language to allow objects to be converted into
  byte arrays.  This decision is out of scope.

* A bytes literal of the form ``b"..."`` is also proposed.  This is
  the subject of :pep:`3112`.


Open Issues
===========

* The ``.decode()`` method is redundant since a bytes object ``b`` can
  also be decoded by calling ``unicode(b, <encoding>)`` (in 2.6) or
  ``str(b, <encoding>)`` (in 3.0).  Do we need encode/decode methods
  at all?  In a sense the spelling using a constructor is cleaner.

* Need to specify the methods still more carefully.

* Pickling and marshalling support need to be specified.

* Should all those list methods really be implemented?

* A case could be made for supporting ``.ljust()``, ``.rjust()``,
  ``.center()`` with a mandatory second argument.

* A case could be made for supporting ``.split()`` with a mandatory
  argument.

* A case could even be made for supporting ``.islower()``, ``.isupper()``,
  ``.isspace()``, ``.isalpha()``, ``.isalnum()``, ``.isdigit()`` and the
  corresponding conversions (``.lower()`` etc.), using the ASCII
  definitions for letters, digits and whitespace.  If this is
  accepted, the cases for ``.ljust()``, ``.rjust()``, ``.center()`` and
  ``.split()`` become much stronger, and they should have default
  arguments as well, using an ASCII space or all ASCII whitespace
  (for ``.split()``).


Frequently Asked Questions
==========================

**Q:** Why have the optional encoding argument when the encode method of
Unicode objects does the same thing?

**A:** In the current version of Python, the encode method returns a str
object and we cannot change that without breaking code.  The
construct ``bytes(s.encode(...))`` is expensive because it has to
copy the byte sequence multiple times.  Also, Python generally
provides two ways of converting an object of type A into an
object of type B: ask an A instance to convert itself to a B, or
ask the type B to create a new instance from an A. Depending on
what A and B are, both APIs make sense; sometimes reasons of
decoupling require that A can't know about B, in which case you
have to use the latter approach; sometimes B can't know about A,
in which case you have to use the former.


**Q:** Why does bytes ignore the encoding argument if the initializer is
a str?  (This only applies to 2.6.)

**A:** There is no sane meaning that the encoding can have in that case.
str objects *are* byte arrays and they know nothing about the
encoding of character data they contain.  We need to assume that
the programmer has provided a str object that already uses the
desired encoding. If you need something other than a pure copy of
the bytes then you need to first decode the string.  For example::

    bytes(s.decode(encoding1), encoding2)


**Q:** Why not have the encoding argument default to Latin-1 (or some
other encoding that covers the entire byte range) rather than
ASCII?

**A:** The system default encoding for Python is ASCII.  It seems least
confusing to use that default.  Also, in Py3k, using Latin-1 as
the default might not be what users expect.  For example, they
might prefer a Unicode encoding.  Any default will not always
work as expected.  At least ASCII will complain loudly if you try
to encode non-ASCII data.


Copyright
=========

This document has been placed in the public domain.
