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# Dictionary Intro

> **Source:** ASD-STE100 Issue 9, January 2025
> **Section:** DICT_INTRO
> **Pages:** 125-141 of 434 (17 pages)

# Page 125–128 of 434

> **Source:** ASD-STE100 Issue 9, January 2025
> **Pages:** 125–128 of 434

## Part 2 - Dictionary

## Introduction

### General

The dictionary gives the words that are approved in STE (875 approved words) and the examples that show how to use each approved word correctly. The approved words in the dictionary are the most frequent words that you use in technical writing.

The dictionary also includes a selection of words that are not approved (1274 words). For each word that is not approved, there are one or more alternatives that are approved in STE. For each alternative, there is an example that shows how to use the alternative to communicate the same information correctly (with a word-for-word replacement or a different sentence construction).

The dictionary does not include technical nouns or technical verbs. But some of them are referred to as alternatives to words that are not approved. In the dictionary, the identification for technical nouns is (TN) and the identification for technical verbs is (TV). A dictionary entry does not include antonyms (opposite meanings) for the applicable listed word.

The dictionary uses American English spelling as defined in the Merriam-Webster's dictionary, and the punctuation in the examples obeys American English rules.

### Guide to the dictionary

The dictionary has four columns that give this information:

- Column 1 – Word (part of speech): Includes the word and its part of speech
- Column 2 – Approved meaning/ALTERNATIVES: Includes the approved meaning of an approved word or the approved alternatives for each word that is not approved
- Column 3 – STE EXAMPLE: Includes examples that contain correct words and constructions in STE
- Column 4 – Non-STE example: Includes examples that contain words that are not approved and constructions that are not permitted in STE.

#### Example:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| AID (n) | Help that is given | IF YOU GET THIS CHEMICAL SOLUTION IN YOUR EYES, GET MEDICAL AID IMMEDIATELY. | |
| accuracy (n) — UNNAPPROVED | PRECISION (n) | THE PRECISION OF THE ADJUSTMENT CAN CHANGE. | The accuracy of the adjustment can vary. |

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### <u><mark>Column 1: Word (part of speech)</mark></u>

All words are in **bold** typeface.

A word in **UPPERCASE** letters shows that you can use this word because it is approved in STE.

#### Examples:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABRASIVE (adj) | That can remove material by friction | POLISH THE SURFACE WITH AN ABRASIVE PAPER. | |
| AID (n) | Help that is given | IF YOU GET THIS CHEMICAL SOLUTION IN YOUR EYES, GET MEDICAL AID IMMEDIATELY. | |

A word in **lowercase** letters shows that you cannot use this word because it is not approved in STE. To replace this word in a text, you must use a different word or a different sentence construction.

#### Examples:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| main (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | PRIMARY (adj) | THE PRIMARY CAUSE OF VALVE FAILURE IS CONTAMINATION OF THE FLUID. | The main cause of valve failure is contamination of the fluid. |
| build (v) — UNNAPPROVED | ASSEMBLE (v) | ASSEMBLE THE UNIT. | Build the unit. |

The **part of speech** for each word is given in parentheses with its recognized abbreviation. Use an approved word only as the specified part of speech. Refer to part 1, section 1.

In the dictionary, there are eight parts of speech as follows:

1. **noun (n):** A word that is the name of a person, place, object, idea, quality, or activity.
2. **verb (v):** A word that shows a state of being or an action. Its tense (present, past, future) tells you when the action occurs.
3. **adjective (adj):** A word that gives details about a noun, noun phrase, or multi-word noun. It is related to the type, size, color, or number of the noun, noun phrase, or multi-word noun. Adjectives can be of a qualitative and a quantitative type and can have comparative and superlative forms. Their position in the sentence can be before nouns or after verbs.
4. **adverb (adv):** A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or a different adverb. It gives an answer to the questions: "how," "where," "when," "how often," and "how much."

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5. **pronoun (pron):** A word that replaces a noun, noun phrase, or multi-word noun.
6. **article (art):** A word that tells you if a noun phrase is new (indefinite = a, an) or one that you already know (definite = the).
7. **preposition (prep):** A word that shows how a noun, noun phrase, multi-word noun, or pronoun is related to other parts of the sentence.
8. **conjunction (conj):** A word or phrase that connects words, phrases, and clauses.

#### Forms of approved words

**<u>Nouns:</u>** Nouns are given only in their singular form, but the plural form of countable nouns is permitted unless the help tells you differently. Some nouns in the dictionary, although not approved, can be technical nouns in some contexts. Rule 1.5 gives all the necessary information and conditions to use technical nouns correctly.

#### Example:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| AGENT (n) | One of a group of materials made to do a specified task | DO NOT USE THESE CLEANING AGENTS ON HOT SURFACES. | |

**<u>Verbs:</u>** Verbs are given in the verb forms that are permitted. Refer to part 1, section 3. Do not use verb forms if they are not in the dictionary. The meaning of the verb can be different if it has an object (transitive verb) or no object (intransitive verb). These verbs can have more than one approved meaning and more than one STE example. Some verbs in the dictionary, although not approved, can be technical verbs in some contexts. Rule 1.12 gives all the necessary information and conditions to use technical verbs correctly.

Verbs in the dictionary can be:

- Regular verbs
- Irregular verbs
- Irregular auxiliary verbs
- Defective modal verbs.

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#### <u>Regular verbs</u>

Verbs that obey a constant pattern to make the simple past tense and the past participle form. Usually, regular verbs add "-ed" to the base verb form to make the simple past tense and the past participle form.

Do not use the past participle form if it is not in the dictionary.

#### Example:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ADAPT (v), ADAPTS, ADAPTED, ADAPTED | To change or adjust to that which is necessary | ADAPT THE PRESSURE CONNECTION TO THE PITOT HEAD. THE SYSTEM INTERFACE CIRCUITS ADAPT TO THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE CONNECTED SYSTEMS. | |

#### <u>Irregular verbs</u>

Verbs that do not obey the standard rules for the simple past tense and the past participle form.

#### Example:

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| GIVE (v), GIVES, GAVE, GIVEN | To provide | THIS SECTION GIVES THE CLEANING PROCEDURES FOR THE DISASSEMBLED PARTS. | |

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## <u>Irregular auxiliary verbs</u>

Auxiliary verbs that have unusual forms for tenses.

### Example

| Word (POS) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| BE (v), IS, WAS (also ARE, WERE) No other verb forms. | 1. To occur, exist<br>2. To have a property to be equal to | IF THERE IS CORROSION ON THE PUMP VANES, REPLACE THE PUMP.<br>ACID SOLUTIONS ARE DANGEROUS. |  |

## <u>Defective modal verbs</u>

Modal verbs in which some verb forms are missing.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| CAN (v), CAN, COULD No other verb forms. | Auxiliary modal verb that means to be possible, to be able to, or to be permitted to | A MIXTURE OF FUEL AND OXYGEN CAN CAUSE AN EXPLOSION.<br>YOU CAN OPERATE THE VEHICLE AFTER THE INSPECTION IS COMPLETED. | YOU CAN CLEAN THE DRAIN HOLES WITH THE CLEANING TOOL.<br>If you do not obey this warning, an explosion could occur. |
| WILL (v) No other verb forms. | Auxiliary modal verb that shows simple future tense | WARNINGS AND CAUTIONS IN THIS MANUAL WILL HELP YOU TO DO THE WORK SAFELY AND CORRECTLY. | DO NOT USE COULD (v) to show possibility IF YOU DO NOT OBEY THIS WARNING, AN EXPLOSION CAN OCCUR. |

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ASD

## <mark>Column 2: Approved meaning/ALTERNATIVES</mark>

### Approved words

This column gives the approved meaning (or definition) of an approved word in STE. The text in these definitions is not in STE. If a meaning is not given in the dictionary, you cannot use the word with a meaning that is not approved. Thus, you must use a different word that has the meaning that you want.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| BEHIND (prep) | In a position at the rear of | THE PUMP IS INSTALLED BEHIND THE HYDRAULIC MOTOR. |  |

### Words that are not approved in the dictionary

For words that are not approved in the dictionary, this column gives approved alternatives that you can use to replace the words that are not approved. These alternatives are in uppercase letters and are only suggestions to help you.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| addition (n) — UNNAPPROVED | ADD (v) | TO GET THE CORRECT CLEARANCE, ADD SPECIAL SHIMS, AS NECESSARY. | Adjust the clearance by the addition of special shims, as necessary. |

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It is possible that the approved alternative for a word that is not approved has a different part of speech. Usually, the first approved alternative has the same part of speech as the word that is not approved.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| maintain (v) — UNNAPPROVED | KEEP (v) | KEEP THE FLUID TEMPERATURE AT 70 °F. | Maintain the fluid temperature at 70 °F. |
| maintain (v) — UNNAPPROVED | HOLD (v) | TURN THE ROTATING TUBE 75 DEGREES. THEN, HOLD THE TUBE IN THIS POSITION. | Turn the rotating tube 75 degrees. Then maintain the tube in this position. |
| maintain (v) — UNNAPPROVED | MAINTENANCE (n) | DO MAINTENANCE ON THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM. | Maintain the water supply system. |

The first column in the dictionary does not include technical nouns or technical verbs. But the second column can include technical nouns or technical verbs as alternatives to words that are not approved. Then, the abbreviations TN and TV in parentheses identify these alternatives.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| uncovered (v) — UNNAPPROVED | COVER (TN) | DO NOT PUT A COVER ON THE CONTAINER. | Leave the container uncovered. |

The approved alternative for a word that is not approved can also be a phrase. These alternatives do not include the parts of speech in parentheses.

### Example

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| simultaneously (adv) | AT THE SAME TIME | DO THESE TWO STEPS AT THE SAME TIME. | Do these two steps simultaneously. |

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## Help

For some words, there is a graphic symbol and related text that tells you to use a different approved alternative or a different sentence construction. This graphic symbol and its related text is referred to as "help."

There are four categories of help. Refer to the examples that follow.

### Examples

Category 1

This category of help includes recommendations that give you more information or instructions about how to use the approved word correctly.

|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| PUSH (v) PUSHES, PUSHED, PUSHED | 1. To apply a force to something to move it away from the source of the force<br>2. To move with a force against something Use this word together with a preposition or an adverb to show direction. | PUSH THE INSERT DOWN UNTIL IT TOUCHES THE BOTTOM OF THE HOLE.<br>THE SPRING UNIT PUSHES AGAINST THE BRAKE PEDAL. |  |

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## Category 2

This category of help tells you that some approved words, for example ABOUT (prep), have a <u>restricted meaning. Thus, you must use the approved alternatives for other meanings. When the help refers to restricted meanings of approved words, the dictionary gives STE and non-STE examples in columns 3 and 4.

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ABOUT (prep) | Concerned with<br>For other<br>meanings, use: | FOR DATA ABOUT THE<br>LOCATION OF CIRCUIT<br>BREAKERS, REFER TO<br>THE WIRING LIST. | |
| ABOUT (prep) | APPROXIMATELY (adv) | DRAIN<br>APPROXIMATELY<br>2 LITERS OF FUEL<br>FROM THE TANK. | Drain about 2 liters of<br>fuel from the tank. |
| ABOUT (prep) | AROUND (prep) | TURN THE SHAFT<br>AROUND ITS AXIS. | Rotate the shaft about its<br>axis. |

## Category 3

This category of help tells you to be careful with the words that are approved for only one context. For example, the word SWALLOW (v) is only applicable to safety instructions. You must not use it in other contexts.

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| SWALLOW (v)<br>SWALLOWS,<br>SWALLOWED,<br>SWALLOWED | To take through the<br>mouth and esophagus<br>into the stomach<br>Use this word for<br>safety instructions<br>only. | IF YOU SWALLOW<br>NITRIC ACID, DO NOT<br>CAUSE VOMITING.<br>GET MEDICAL AID<br>IMMEDIATELY. | |

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## Category 4

This category of help gives you important information about the applicable listed words (also those that are not approved).

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| BE (v),<br>IS, WAS<br>(also ARE, WERE)<br>No other verb<br>forms. | 1. To occur, exist | IF THERE IS<br>CORROSION ON THE<br>PUMP VANES,<br>REPLACE THE PUMP. | |
| BE (v), IS, WAS (also ARE, WERE) No other verb forms. | 2. To have a property to<br>be equal to | ACID SOLUTIONS ARE<br>DANGEROUS. | |
| already (adv) — UNNAPPROVED | IN PROGRESS (adv) | THE DATABASE<br>SYNCHRONIZATION IS<br>IN PROGRESS. | The database is already<br>synchronizing. |
| already (adv) — UNNAPPROVED | NO OTHER | YOU CAN DO THIS<br>REPAIR PROCEDURE<br>ONLY IF THERE IS NO<br>OTHER DAMAGE. | Only do this repair<br>procedure if there is not<br>already damage. |
| already (adv) — UNNAPPROVED | Frequently, an<br>alternative for this<br>word is not<br>necessary. | MAKE SURE THAT THE<br>SOFTWARE IS<br>INSTALLED IN THE<br>REPOSITORY. | Make sure that the<br>software is already<br>installed in the repository. |

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### <mark>Column 3: STE EXAMPLE</mark>

This column shows you:

- How to use the approved word
- How to use the approved alternative (usually a word-for-word replacement)
- How to keep the same meaning with a different sentence construction.

The wording in the STE examples gives recommendations. The STE example shows only one method to write a text with the approved word or to use alternatives for a word that is not approved. You can frequently use different sentence constructions with other approved words and keep the same meaning.

Many of the given examples come from the subject field of aircraft maintenance. If you replace the terms in the sentence with other applicable terms, you can use these examples for other subject fields or domains. If you work in a different subject field or domain, you can send a change form with your examples for a possible inclusion in the dictionary.

**Examples:**

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| A (art) | Function word:<br>indefinite article | A FUEL PUMP IS<br>INSTALLED IN<br>ZONE 10. | |
| main (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | PRIMARY (adj) | THE PRIMARY CAUSE<br>OF VALVE FAILURE IS<br>CONTAMINATION OF<br>THE FLUID. | The main cause of valve<br>failure is contamination<br>of the fluid. |
| manufacture (v) — UNNAPPROVED | MAKE (v) | YOU CAN MAKE THE<br>CLEARING TOOL<br>LOCALLY. | The clearing tool can be<br>manufactured locally. |

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### <mark>Column 4: Non-STE example</mark>

This column gives examples that show you how the word that is not approved in STE is used in standard technical English. The examples also help you to understand how you can use the approved alternatives or different sentence constructions to give the same information.

In a non-STE example, it is possible that you will find more than one word that is not approved or a construction that is not permitted. Thus, the STE example shows you how to replace these words or use a construction that is permitted in STE.

For approved words, column 4 is empty, unless there is help related to other meanings or restricted meanings. You can see that for ABOVE (prep), column 4 gives a non-STE example.

**Examples:**

| Word (part of speech) | Approved meaning / ALTERNATIVES | STE example | Non-STE example |
|---|---|---|---|
| main (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | PRIMARY (adj) | THE PRIMARY CAUSE<br>OF THE VALVE<br>FAILURE IS<br>CONTAMINATION OF<br>THE FLUID. | The main cause of valve<br>failure is contamination<br>of the fluid. |
| A (art) | Function word:<br>indefinite article | A FUEL PUMP IS<br>INSTALLED IN<br>ZONE 10. | |
| ABOVE (prep) | In (or to) a position<br>farther up than<br>something | LIFT THE CYLINDER<br>ABOVE ITS INSTALLED<br>POSITION. | |
| ABOVE (prep) | For other<br>meanings, use: | | |
| ABOVE (prep) | MORE THAN | THE PRESSURE<br>VALUE MUST BE<br>MORE THAN 800 kPa. | The pressure value must<br>be above 800 kPa. |

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### How to select words correctly

STE is a controlled natural language with a restricted dictionary.

As a result, it is not possible to use all the words that you want. If you are not sure about a word that you want to use, refer to this flowchart.

# Page 138 of 434

### List of recurring errors

The table that follows gives you a list of the most frequently recurring errors that writers make when they use STE. If a word is not approved in the dictionary, do not use it.

| Non-STE | STE |
|---|---|
| acceptable(adj) | PERMITTED(adj) |
| alternate(adj) | ALTERNATIVE(adj) |
| any (adj) | None or a different sentence construction |
| avoid(v) | PREVENT(v) |
| both(adj) | THE TWO(TN) |
| check(v) | CHECK(n) |
| cover(v) | COVER(TN) |
| complete(adj) | COMPLETED(adj) |
| damage(v) | DAMAGE(n) |
| ensure(v) | MAKE SURE(v) |
| fit(v) | INSTALL(v) |
| follow(v) | OBEY(v) |
| further(adj) | MORE(adj) |
| further(adv) | MORE(adv) |
| have to(v) | Use an action verb in the imperative form |
| however(adv) | BUT(conj) |
| insert(v) | PUT(v) |
| main(adj) | PRIMARY(adj) |
| may (v) | CAN(v) |
| need(v) | NECESSARY(adj) |
| now(adv) | AT THIS TIME |
| old(adj) | REMAINING(adj),USED(adj),EXPIRED(adj) |
| over(prep) | ABOVE(prep),ON(prep),ALONG(prep) |
| people(n) | PERSON(n),PERSONNEL(n) |
| perform(v) | DO(v) |
| portion(n) | PART(n) |
| press(v) | PUSH(v) |
| reach(v) | GET(v) |
| repeat(v) | DO(v)… AGAIN |
| required(v) | NECESSARY(adj) |
| rotate(v) | TURN(v) |

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### List of approved verbs

The table that follows gives you the list of the approved verbs in the dictionary. Use this list as a quick-reference tool to find the approved verbs.

| A | CONTROL | GO | O | SMELL |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ABSORB | CORRECT | GO OFF | OBEY | SMOKE |
| ACCEPT | COUNT | GROUND | OCCUR | SOAK |
| ACTIVATE | CUT | H | OPEN | SPEAK |
| ADAPT | D | HANG | OPERATE | SPILL |
| ADD | DEACTIVATE | HEAR | P | START |
| ADJUST | DECREASE | HELP | PAINT | STAY |
| AGREE | DE-ENERGIZE | HELP | PAINT | STAY |
| ALIGN | DEFLATE | HIT | PARK | STOP |
| APPLY | DEFUEL | HOLD | POINT | STOW |
| ARM | DEPLOY | I | POLISH | SUBTRACT |
| ASSEMBLE | DISARM | IDENTIFY | PREPARE | SUPPLY |
| ATTACH | DISASSEMBLE | IGNORE | PRESSURIZE | SWALLOW |
| B | DISCARD | ILLUMINATE | PREVENT | T |
| BALANCE | DISCONNECT | INCLUDE | PROTRUDE | TAG |
| BE | DISENGAGE | INCREASE | PULL | TAP |
| BECOME | DIVIDE | INFLATE | PUSH | TELL |
| BEND | DO | INSTALL | PUT | TIGHTEN |
| BLEED | DRAIN | INTERCHANGE | PUT ON | TILT |
| BLOW | DRINK | ISOLATE | Q | TORQUE |
| BOND | DRY | J | R | TOUCH |
| BREAK | E | K | READ | TOW |
| BREATHE | EAT | KEEP | RECEIVE | TRANSMIT |
| BURN | EJECT | KILL | RECOMMEND | TRY |
| BYPASS | ENERGIZE | KNOW | RECORD | TUNE |
| C | ENGAGE | L | RECYCLE | TURN |
| CALCULATE | ERASE | LATCH | REFER | TWIST |
| CALIBRATE | EXAMINE | LET | REFUEL | U |
| CAN | EXPAND | LIFT | REJECT | UNFOLD |
| CANCEL | EXTEND | LISTEN | RELEASE | UNLOCK |
| CANNOT | EXTINGUISH | LOCK | REMOVE | UNWIND |
| CATCH | F | LOOK | REPAIR | USE |
| CAUSE | FALL | LOOSEN | REPLACE | V |
| CHANGE | FEATHER | LOWER | RETRACT | W |
| CHARGE | FEEL | LUBRICATE | RUB | WAIT |
| CLEAN | FILL | M | S | WALK |
| CLOSE | FIND | MAKE | SAFETY | WEAR |
| COLLECT | FIRE | MAKE SURE | SCHEDULE | WEIGH |
| COMPARE | FLASH | MEASURE | SEAL | WILL |
| COMPLETE | FLUSH | MIX | SELECT | WIND |
| COMPRESS | FOLLOW | MOOR | SEND | WRITE |
| CONNECT | FREEZE | MOVE | SET | X, Y, Z |
| CONTAIN | GIVE | MULTIPLY | SHAKE | |
| CONTINUE | GIVE | N | SIMULATE | |
| CONTAIN | GET | MUST | SHOW | |

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|------------|--------------------------------|-------------|-----------------|
| A (art) | Function word: indefinite article | A FUEL PUMP IS INSTALLED IN ZONE 10. | |
| abaft (prep) — UNNAPPROVED | AFT OF (prep) | THE CONTROL UNIT IS INSTALLED AFT OF THE FLIGHT COMPARTMENT. | The control unit is installed abaft the flight compartment. |
| abandon (v) — UNNAPPROVED | GO (v) | IF THERE IS A FIRE, IMMEDIATELY GO TO A SAFE AREA. | If there is a fire, immediately abandon the area. |
| abandon (v) — UNNAPPROVED | STOP (v) | IF THE VALUES ARE INCORRECT, STOP THE TEST PROCEDURE. | If the values are incorrect, abandon the test procedure. |
| abate (v) — UNNAPPROVED | DECREASE (v) | WHEN THE WIND SPEED DECREASES TO LESS THAN 30 KNOTS, YOU CAN OPEN THE CARGO DOOR. | When the wind speed abates to less than 30 knots, you can open the cargo door. |
| ability (n) — UNNAPPROVED | CAN (v) | ONE GENERATOR CAN SUPPLY POWER FOR ALL THE SYSTEMS. | One generator has the ability to supply power for all the systems. |
| able (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | CAN (v) | IF YOU CAN START THE ENGINE, DO THE APPLICABLE TESTS. | If you are able to start the engine, do the applicable tests. |
| abnormal (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | UNUSUAL (adj) | LISTEN FOR UNUSUAL NOISES. | Listen for abnormal noises. |
| abnormal (adj) — UNNAPPROVED | INCORRECT (adj) | IF YOU FIND AN INCORRECT QUANTITY OF AIR FROM THE VENT MAST, DO A SYSTEM TEST. | If you find an abnormal quantity of air from the vent mast, do a system test. |
| abnormality (n) — UNNAPPROVED | DEFECT (TN) | EXAMINE THE SEAL FOR DEFECTS. | Examine the seal for abnormalities. |
