# Secure Coding and Static Analysis Training

**Version:** 1.0.0
**Date:** 2024-04-14
**Audience:** Developers, Code Reviewers, DevOps Engineers

## Table of Contents

1. [Introduction](#introduction)
2. [Rust Secure Coding Practices](#rust-secure-coding-practices)
3. [Julia Secure Coding Practices](#julia-secure-coding-practices)
4. [CI/CD Pipeline Training](#cicd-pipeline-training)
5. [Static Analysis Deep Dive](#static-analysis-deep-dive)
6. [Hands-on Exercises](#hands-on-exercises)
7. [Resources](#resources)

## Introduction

### Training Objectives

By the end of this training, you will:
- Understand secure coding principles for Rust and Julia
- Know how to use static analysis tools effectively
- Be able to interpret and fix analysis findings
- Understand CI/CD pipeline security integration
- Know how to set up and maintain security tooling

### Prerequisites

- Basic knowledge of Rust or Julia
- Familiarity with Git and CI/CD concepts
- Development environment set up

## Rust Secure Coding Practices

### Rust Security Model

Rust's security model is based on:
1. **Memory safety**: Ownership, borrowing, lifetimes
2. **Type safety**: Strong static typing
3. **Zero-cost abstractions**: Safety without performance overhead
4. **Explicit unsafe**: Clear boundaries for unsafe code

### Common Rust Vulnerabilities

| Vulnerability | Prevention | Detection Tool |
|---------------|------------|----------------|
| Use-after-free | Ownership system | Clippy, Miri |
| Buffer overflows | Bounds checking | Clippy, Miri |
| Data races | Send/Sync traits | Clippy |
| Integer overflows | Checked arithmetic | Clippy |
| Unsafe code issues | Minimize unsafe blocks | cargo-geiger |

### Rust Toolchain Setup

```bash
# Install Rust toolchain with security tools
rustup toolchain install stable
rustup component add rustfmt clippy rust-analysis

# Install security tools
cargo install cargo-audit cargo-geiger cargo-license cargo-outdated
```

### Rust Security Tools Guide

#### 1. Clippy (Linting)

**Purpose:** Catch common mistakes and suspicious patterns

**Key lints for security:**
- `clippy::integer_arithmetic` - Integer overflow checks
- `clippy::unwrap_used` - Panic prevention
- `clippy::indexing_slicing` - Bounds checking
- `clippy::float_arithmetic` - Floating point issues

**Usage:**
```bash
# Run clippy with security-focused lints
cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings -W clippy::pedantic

# Fix specific issues
cargo clippy --fix --allow-dirty --allow-staged
```

#### 2. Rustfmt (Formatting)

**Purpose:** Consistent code style reduces review burden

**Security benefits:**
- Consistent error handling patterns
- Clear unsafe code boundaries
- Readable security-critical code

**Usage:**
```bash
# Check formatting
cargo fmt --all -- --check

# Apply formatting
cargo fmt --all
```

#### 3. Cargo Audit (Security Auditing)

**Purpose:** Dependency vulnerability scanning

**Usage:**
```bash
# Install
cargo install cargo-audit

# Run audit
cargo audit

# Update advisory database
cargo audit fetch

# Check for outdated dependencies
cargo outdated
```

**Interpreting results:**
- **High severity**: Immediate action required
- **Medium severity**: Schedule fix in next release
- **Low severity**: Document and monitor

#### 4. Cargo Geiger (Unsafe Code Analysis)

**Purpose:** Detect and quantify unsafe code usage

**Usage:**
```bash
cargo install cargo-geiger
cargo geiger
```

**Safe code guidelines:**
- Minimize `unsafe` blocks
- Isolate unsafe code in separate modules
- Document safety invariants
- Use safe abstractions

### Rust Secure Coding Checklist

```markdown
- [ ] Use `?` operator instead of `unwrap()`/`expect()`
- [ ] Validate all external inputs
- [ ] Use checked arithmetic (`checked_add`, `saturating_sub`, etc.)
- [ ] Implement proper error handling
- [ ] Minimize `unsafe` code blocks
- [ ] Use `#[deny(unsafe_code)]` where possible
- [ ] Document safety invariants for unsafe code
- [ ] Run `cargo clippy -- -D warnings` before commit
- [ ] Run `cargo audit` weekly
- [ ] Keep dependencies updated
```

## Julia Secure Coding Practices

### Julia Security Model

Julia's security focuses on:
1. **Type stability**: Predictable performance and behavior
2. **Memory safety**: Garbage collection and bounds checking
3. **Package isolation**: Environment system
4. **Code evaluation safety**: Sandboxing capabilities

### Common Julia Vulnerabilities

| Vulnerability | Prevention | Detection Tool |
|---------------|------------|----------------|
| Type instability | Type annotations | JET.jl |
| Injection attacks | Input validation | Aqua.jl |
| Dependency issues | Package pinning | Aqua.jl |
| Code evaluation risks | Avoid `eval`, `include` | Static analysis |
| Race conditions | Proper synchronization | ThreadSanitizer |

### Julia Toolchain Setup

```julia
# Set up Julia environment
using Pkg
Pkg.add([
    "JuliaFormatter",
    "JET", 
    "Aqua",
    "BenchmarkTools",
    "Coverage"
])
```

### Julia Security Tools Guide

#### 1. JuliaFormatter.jl

**Purpose:** Consistent code style

**Usage:**
```julia
using JuliaFormatter
# Check formatting
format("."; overwrite=false)
# Apply formatting  
format(".")
```

**CI Integration:**
```yaml
- name: Julia format check
  run: julia -e 'using JuliaFormatter; format("."; overwrite=false)'
```

#### 2. JET.jl (Static Analysis)

**Purpose:** Type inference and error detection

**Key checks:**
- Type stability analysis
- Method ambiguity detection
- Unreachable code detection
- Potential runtime errors

**Usage:**
```julia
using JET
# Basic analysis
report_package(".")
# Comprehensive testing
JET.test_package(path=".")
```

**Interpreting JET reports:**
- **Type instability**: Add type annotations
- **Method ambiguities**: Resolve with more specific methods
- **Unreachable code**: Remove dead code
- **Potential errors**: Add validation checks

#### 3. Aqua.jl (Package Quality)

**Purpose:** Package health and security checking

**Key tests:**
- **Ambiguity detection**: Method conflicts
- **Dependency compatibility**: Version conflicts
- **Project extras**: Proper package structure
- **Stale dependencies**: Outdated packages

**Usage:**
```julia
using Aqua
# Run all tests
Aqua.test_all(MyPackage)
# Test specific aspects
Aqua.test_ambiguities(MyPackage)
Aqua.test_deps_compat(MyPackage)
```

**CI Integration:**
```yaml
- name: Julia package audit
  run: julia -e 'using Aqua; Aqua.test_all(deps=true)'
```

### Julia Secure Coding Checklist

```markdown
- [ ] Use type annotations for public functions
- [ ] Validate all external inputs
- [ ] Avoid `eval` and `include` with untrusted input
- [ ] Use proper error handling (`try-catch`)
- [ ] Pin dependency versions in `Project.toml`
- [ ] Run `JuliaFormatter.format(".")` before commit
- [ ] Run `JET.test_package(".")` in CI
- [ ] Run `Aqua.test_all()` weekly
- [ ] Document all exported functions
- [ ] Maintain >80% test coverage
```

## CI/CD Pipeline Training

### Understanding Our CI/CD Setup

#### Rust Project Pipeline

**Stages:**
1. **Check**: Format and lint verification
2. **Build**: Compilation and artifact creation
3. **Test**: Unit and integration tests
4. **Security**: Vulnerability scanning
5. **Deploy**: Documentation and release

**Key Files:**
- `.github/workflows/rust-ci.yml` (GitHub Actions)
- `.gitlab-ci.yml` (GitLab CI)

#### Julia Project Pipeline

**Current Setup:**
- Basic testing via `Pkg.test()`
- Quality checks in `quality.yml`

**Recommended Enhancement:**
```yaml
# Add to .github/workflows/quality.yml
jobs:
  julia-security:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: julia-actions/setup-julia@v2
      - name: Install security tools
        run: julia -e 'using Pkg; Pkg.add(["JuliaFormatter", "JET", "Aqua"])'
      - name: Format check
        run: julia -e 'using JuliaFormatter; format("."; overwrite=false)'
      - name: Static analysis
        run: julia -e 'using JET; JET.test_package(".")'
      - name: Package audit
        run: julia -e 'using Aqua; Aqua.test_all()'
```

### CI/CD Best Practices

1. **Security Stage Isolation**: Run security checks in dedicated stage
2. **Allow Failure**: Use `continue-on-error` for non-blocking checks
3. **Artifact Preservation**: Save security reports as artifacts
4. **Regular Scheduling**: Run audits on schedule, not just on push
5. **Dependency Updates**: Automate dependency update PRs

### Pipeline Maintenance

**Monthly Tasks:**
- Review and update dependency versions
- Check for new tool versions
- Review security findings
- Update advisory databases

**Quarterly Tasks:**
- Review pipeline performance
- Update base images/containers
- Audit pipeline permissions
- Review tool effectiveness

## Static Analysis Deep Dive

### Understanding Static Analysis

**Types of Analysis:**
1. **Lexical analysis**: Token patterns
2. **Syntax analysis**: AST patterns  
3. **Semantic analysis**: Type and flow analysis
4. **Data-flow analysis**: Variable tracking
5. **Control-flow analysis**: Execution paths

### Common False Positives

**Rust Clippy:**
- `clippy::needless_pass_by_value` - Sometimes intentional
- `clippy::module_name_repetitions` - Can be idiomatic
- `clippy::too_many_arguments` - Context-dependent

**Julia JET:**
- Type instability in generic code
- False positives in macro-generated code
- Overly conservative ambiguity detection

### Handling Analysis Results

**Triage Process:**
1. **Reproduce**: Verify the issue exists
2. **Assess**: Determine severity and impact
3. **Prioritize**: High/medium/low priority
4. **Fix**: Implement correction
5. **Verify**: Confirm fix resolves issue
6. **Document**: Add suppression if appropriate

**Suppression Methods:**

**Rust (Clippy):**
```rust
#[allow(clippy::lint_name)]
fn my_function() {}
```

**Julia (JET):**
```julia
# JET.jl doesn't have suppression, document in code comments
# JET-ISSUE: Type instability intentional for performance
function my_func()
    # ...
end
```

## Hands-on Exercises

### Exercise 1: Rust Security Audit

**Objective:** Run and interpret security tools on a Rust project

**Steps:**
1. Clone the asdf-acceleration-middleware repository
2. Run `cargo clippy --all-targets --all-features -- -D warnings`
3. Run `cargo audit`
4. Run `cargo geiger`
5. Document findings and create fix plan

**Questions:**
- What clippy lints were triggered?
- Were any security advisories found?
- What unsafe code was detected?
- How would you prioritize the fixes?

### Exercise 2: Julia Security Setup

**Objective:** Add security tools to a Julia project

**Steps:**
1. Navigate to JuliaPackage-Reuse-Audit.jl
2. Add JuliaFormatter, JET, and Aqua to the environment
3. Run each tool and document results
4. Create a CI/CD pipeline enhancement PR

**Questions:**
- What formatting issues were found?
- What type instabilities did JET detect?
- What package issues did Aqua find?
- How would you integrate these into CI?

### Exercise 3: CI/CD Pipeline Enhancement

**Objective:** Enhance existing CI/CD with additional security checks

**Steps:**
1. Review current `.github/workflows/quality.yml`
2. Add Julia security jobs (format, lint, audit)
3. Add artifact preservation for reports
4. Set up scheduled security runs
5. Create PR with improvements

**Questions:**
- What security gaps exist in current pipeline?
- How would you structure the new jobs?
- What artifacts should be preserved?
- What schedule would you use for security runs?

## Resources

### Rust Resources

- [Rust Security Book](https://rust-secure-code.github.io/)
- [Clippy Documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/clippy/)
- [Cargo Audit](https://github.com/RustSec/rustsec)
- [RustSec Advisory Database](https://rustsec.org/)
- [Unsafe Code Guidelines](https://rust-lang.github.io/unsafe-code-guidelines/)

### Julia Resources

- [Julia Documentation](https://docs.julialang.org/)
- [JuliaFormatter.jl](https://github.com/domluna/JuliaFormatter.jl)
- [JET.jl](https://github.com/aviatesk/JET.jl)
- [Aqua.jl](https://github.com/JuliaTesting/Aqua.jl)
- [Julia Package Development](https://pkgdocs.julialang.org/)

### General Resources

- [OWASP Top Ten](https://owasp.org/www-project-top-ten/)
- [CWE Top 25](https://cwe.mitre.org/top25/)
- [SANS Secure Coding](https://www.sans.org/blog/secure-coding/)
- [GitHub Security Lab](https://securitylab.github.com/)

## Assessment

**Knowledge Check:**
1. What are the 3 main Rust security tools and their purposes?
2. What Julia tools correspond to Clippy, Rustfmt, and Cargo Audit?
3. What CI/CD stages should security checks run in?
4. How often should security audits be performed?
5. What's the process for handling false positives?

**Practical Evaluation:**
- Set up security tools in a personal project
- Run full security analysis
- Create CI/CD pipeline with security checks
- Document findings and improvements

## Certification

**Completion Requirements:**
- Complete all hands-on exercises
- Pass knowledge assessment
- Implement security tools in one project
- Contribute to security documentation

**Certification Levels:**
- **Level 1**: Tool usage and basic analysis
- **Level 2**: CI/CD integration and automation
- **Level 3**: Advanced analysis and mentorship

## Maintainers

**Content Owners:**
- Rust: @hyperpolymath/rust-team
- Julia: @hyperpolymath/julia-team
- CI/CD: @hyperpolymath/devops-team

**Review Cycle:** Quarterly
**Next Review:** 2024-07-14
**Feedback:** Submit issues to standards repository

## Changelog

**1.0.0 (2024-04-14)**: Initial training materials with Rust and Julia coverage